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A HAND BOOK 



TO THE 



MODERN 

PROVENCAL LANGUAGE, 



SPOKEN IN 



THE SOUTH OF FRANCE, PIEDMONT, ETC. 



by; 
J: DUNCAN CRAIG, M.A. 

AUTHOR or "SCRIPTURAL COINCIDENCES," CURATE PERPETUAL OF 

TEMPLE BRADY, CHAPLAIN TO EOET CAMDEN, AND 

EX-CHAPLAIN OF IRISH CONVICT SERVICE. 



""Plaz mi 
Lou cantar prouvencales." — 

Irederick I., Empereur d' Allemagne. 

' Sounding of sweet Provencal song and sun burnt mirth."— Keats. 



LONDON: 

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 

36, SOHO SQUARE. 

M:.rccci,xiii. 



fC 3S7f 



■-^ ^V _^ ^^- 4^ 

LONDON: 

J. PICKTON, PRTNTKB, 

, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, OXl-QRI) STKKET 



\r 1900 




TO 
HIS EXCELLENCY 

THE EARL OP CARLISLE, K.G., 

VICE-ROY OF IRELAND, 

THIS WORK IS, 

{Bl/ Permission) 

WITH THE UTMOST RESPECT, 

DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOE. 



CO JN' TENTS. 



PliEFACE .... 

Prologomena . 

KuLEs FOK Pronunciation 

Nouns of Number . 

The Verb 

Passive Verbs 
Neuter Verbs 
Impersonal Verbs 
Eeflected Verbs , 
Verb Phrases 

The Pronoun . 

Personal Pronouns 
Possessive Pronouns 
Relative Pronouns 
Interrogative Pronou 
Indefinite Pronouns 

The Noun 

The Article . 



PAilE 

vii 
viii 
1 
5 
f> 
22 
23 
27 
28 
80 
31 
31 
33 
31 
31 
35 
35 
30 



VI CONTENTS, 








PAGE 


The Adjective 




. 38 


The Pauticiple . . . . . 






41 


The Adverb ..... 






41 


The Preposition 






43 


The Conjunction . . 






44 


The Interjection ..... 






46 


Syntax 






46 


Vocabulary of Important Words 






53 


Dialogue 1 .... , 






, 86 


Dialogue 2 .... . 






, 90 


A Legend of Simie 






, 94 


Rock of Ages .... 






. 104 



PREFACE. 



In introducing to the British public our Handbook to the 
Modern Provenqal, we feel that but little apology is requisite. 
A language, to the work of one of whose Troubadours, Eaimbaud 
de Yachieras, named Les Pleurs du Siecle, it has been by some 
supposed that Milton was indebted for the idea of his sublime 
poems, and which has influenced so extensively both French and 
Italian literature, cannot be uninteresting to the student. The 
present century may be well denominated the Eenaissance of the 
Proven9al ; were no other poem than the charming Idyll Fran- 
gonette, that chef-d'oeuvre of M. Jasmin, extant in this tongue, 
this would be sufficient to stamp it with renown. But when, 
united with the traditions of the past, and with the beauteous 
scenery and clime of this Proven9al shore, there still is dear to* 
the hearts of millions, a language so sweet, so sonorous, so 
musical, and which combines with former glories a still more 
natural and more touching recent fame, the endeavour to present 
the English student with a Handbook which may serve as an 
introduction to the language, cannot but prove of a certain 
measure advantageous to the cause of Philology, besides furnish- 
ing the traveller with a work which may prove of essential ad- 



VIU PROLOGOMENA. 

vantage to him. Jasmin's beautiful comparison of his loved 
mother-tongue, this Provengal language can well be appreciated 
by such. He compares it to one of those grand old elms of the 
promenade of Agen, which, having in a storm lost some of its 
branches, the local authorities send men to dig it out ; but ere 
long the pick-axes became unhafted, the men grew tired, the 
tree was forsaken ; and when the summer came again, and 
glorious verdure clothed its boughs, and birds sang sweetly in 
its branches, men rejoiced that its roots had been so numerous 
and so strongly planted. So have the seasons passed over the 
language of the south, doomed to death, as it were, by savants^ 
still it blossoms and spreads the more, and will, in this its era 
of revival, only the more increase its influence, and attract atten- 
tion to its poet sons. 

PEOLOGOMENA. 

Sect. 1. We may, to a certain extent, says M. Cabrie, 
estimate the moral influence which one nation has exercised 
upon another, by calculating the number of words which it has 
implanted in their language. China, for example, conquered 
by the Tartars, imposed its manners, customs, and language 
upon its oppressors — the victorious Francs adopted the tongue 
and the civilisation of the Komans, whom they had subdued in 
Gaul ; we may thus compare the etymologist to an antiquary, 
who, exploring the foundations of a monument covered with the 
sand and dust of ages, disinters, one by one, from their prior 
state of confusion, the varied forms of architecture belonging to 



PROLOGOMENA. IX 

the different epochs of which these recall the living souvenirs. 
Wondrous, in truth, is the affinity of language; the Greek 
teaching his child in the ancient form JShti, essi, esmi, I am, 
thou art, he is, afford a striking proof of their relationship with 
the Indian saying, Osi^ osti, osmi. The Latins, and the people 
of Germanic origin, when comparing their languages with the 
Sanscrit, can show a strange similarity of contact. The Latin 
serpens is the Indian sarpah ; the Latin dorium is the Indian 
dananiy a gift ; the English end is the Indian anta ; the English 
sister, German scJiewsster, and Indian swastri, have a close rela- 
tionship. These words must have sprung from the same origin, 
for otherwise, how could people, separated as well by such 
difference of manners as of degree, have fallen by chance upon a 
matter so arbitrary as language, had they not had both long and 
varied relations. 

Sect. 2. If we glance for a moment at the fact, that among 
the different Celtic tribes inhabiting Gaul sixteen centuries before 
the Christian era, the Phoenician colonists had lived and worked, 
and inculcated their language and their customs, and that their 
era had been followed by a colonisation of the sea coast by the 
polished Greeks, when in Marseilles, Narbonne, and other settle-* 
ments, the language of these colonisers spread itself, so that at 
Marseilles, in after times, the youth of Italy studied the chefs- 
d'oevres of ancient Greece, and even named it the modern Athens 
— Yarro, in his time, calling the Marseillaise Trilingues, because 
they spoke both Greek and Latin, and the tongue of Gaul itself 
— and if we remember, that after the Greeks, the Eomans far 



X PROLOGOMENA. 

and wide through Gallia spread their Latin tongue, so that the 
tongue of Horace and of Cicero spread throughout that enormous 
region, from the Tagus to the Var — then, when in the fifth cen- 
tury, the Francs swept over Gaul, and three centuries subsequent, 
the Saracens in Spain and on either side of the Pyrenees had 
rolled in the current of their manners, faith, and language — can 
we wonder, that that Latin tongue which Quintilian had declared 
was already totally changed, was now entirely altered and 
corrupted. 

Sect. 3. The conservative influence of the Latin Church in 
her uniform use of the Latin tongue in her liturgies, has been 
shown by M. Cabrie to have been not at all what had been 
generally imagined, in fact, he scruples not to say, that the very 
fact of her teachers not caring for a grammatical purity of the 
Latin in comparison with their earnest desire of spreading 
Christianity itself by its means, has been one of the greatest 
causes of its decadence — " The court of Eome itself pressed on 
the destruction of the Latin tongue ; the new idiom (the Eomance 
or Proven9al), young and full of life, appeared to it with reason, 
more adapted to propagate the Christian faith than the decrepit 
language which, in the era of its splendour, had served to spread 
the hideous errors of Polytheism. Gregory the Great affected 
the greatest contempt for all grammatical rules ; he regarded it 
as an unworthy matter to submit the tenets of the celestial 
oracles to the rules of Donatus. Writing to Didier, Bishop of 
Vienna, to reproach him for giving lessons in the Latin tongue 
— ' We have groaned over it,' says he ; ' No, the same mouth 



PROLOGOMENA, XI 

cannot express the praises of Jupiter and those of JESUS 
CHRIST.' This is the same Gregory who, incited by the hatred 
which he bore to paganism, caused all the copies of Titus Livy 
which he could find, to be burned ; copies which, some ages 
after, Leo the tenth would have ransomed in weight of gold." 

Sect. 4. We must remember, that the classical Latin of 
Cicero, or of Yirgil, or Horace, was very different indeed from 
what Sulpicius Severus calls the Gallice loquere of the people of 
Gaul ; in fact, a Proven9al peasant would this day be as much 
at his ease if asked to translate a page of Penelon or of Eacin, 
as the Latin-speaking Gaul would if he were handed an eclogue 
of Virgil or one of the satires of Quintus Horatius. Mingled 
with the Latin of Gaul were Celtic phrases and idioms, besides 
Cymric expressions, and when there the Prancs lent many of 
their words to serve the throng ; this northern Latin became the 
modern French tongue, or as we shall call it, the northern 
daughter of the Latin tongue. 

Sect. 5. The southern daughter, this child of the Latin, 
adhering in feature and complexion more closely to the mother, 
this Proven9al or Eomance, cradled among the sunny shores of 
southern France, Italy, and northern Spain ; this language so 
sweetly euphonious in its utterance, spoken even yet in the Pays 
de Yaud, and having dialects cognate to it in Savoy and many 
of the Swiss Cantons ; this Proven9al, in which the Ranz des 
Vaches was written, that sweet song proscribed by the armies of 
the Eepublic, lest its melancholy strains should affect with un- 
controllable longing the heart of the Swiss soldier, and draw him 



Xll PROLOGOMENA. 

with resistless force of home woe to his wife, his children, the 
green grass of the churchyard, and loved charch of his fore- 
fathers, and which even now the Swiss in foreign lands cannot 
hear without tears of sad remembrance ; this Provencal tongue 
of Troubadour and Minstrel bard, is that to which we purpose 
now to make our Handbook introductory. 

Sect. 6. What influence the annexation of the country of 
Nice, so long desired by France, and of whose grey olive trees 
and perfume gardens, and orange and citron groves, Talleyrand 
observed, that had he but known they were so beautiful he 
would not have given them up so easily to the King of Sardinia 
— what influence this junction of the garden of Piedmont to 
France may exercise upon the destiny of the Proven9al language 
remains to be seen. It is a curious fact, that the Proven9al is 
more Gallicized in the country of Nice than even at Antibes. 
The Nizzards say Lo Fere, or Paire. The people of Antibes use 
the words Zo Fire for Father. The Sardinian Abbe uses this 
language in his sermons preached unto his congregation ; the 
Sardinian uses it in the manifold transactions of his life ; the , 
child learns its tones in his cradle, and speaks it with his fellows 
when grown up ; perhaps thus some influence may be exercised 
upon that sunny shore of southern France where this noble lan- 
guage seems now as though the village Cure were half ashamed 
to use it, or the village metage or ouvrier of the to\^ns, prefers 
rather to chant the Morceaux des Huguenots than the Souvenirs 
of Jasmin, in those glorious summer evenings, when nature seems 
to soothe the mind, and when the tranquil beauty of the scene 
adumbrates with a certain power the glory of the better land. 



PROLOGOMENA, XlU 

Sect. 7. There are, it is true, many dialects of the ProveriQal; 
in fact, this constitutes an inherent element of decay. Mont- 
pellier and Nimes differ in many respects in speaking the Pro- 
vencal; at Montpellier the pronunciation, says M. Cabrie, is 
sweet and pleasant to the ear, at Beziers it is short, and at 
Marseilles hard. I know a little town in Languedoc where the 
inhabitants only pronounce the iinals of each phrase in singing ; 
1 allude to Serignan, near Beziers. Of course the orthography 
of the language differs much, chiefly from the want of fixed 
rules; aimado (loved) is in one place written with an "o," in 
another with an "a," aimada ; some write que with a "q," 
others with a " ch," as che. Should a fixed canon be laid down, 
or should a " language congress " or Provencal academic be 
formed among the southern etymologists, this would be the best 
means of putting an end to so perplexing a state of matters. ' 
These differences, however, affect but very slightly the value of 
a work like ours, which teaches, in a small compass, the most 
important principles and words of the Provencal. 

Sect. 8. But a still more important and more certain means 
of preserving the Provencal language, is a well executed transla- 
tion of the Holy Scriptures into its much loved words and 
phrases. Who can doubt but that had such a version been 
executed centuries ago, and circulated among the people— those 
blessed truths which tell us of life and immortality secured to 
the repentant sinner through the blood and righteousness of a 
crucified Eedeemer — would, at the same time, have effected for 
the Provencal what Chateaubriand tells us our noble English 

b 



XIV EROLOGOMENA. 

version Jias performed for our English tongue, namely, ** it has 
fixed it." Those same Scriptures, without whose Old Testament 
language, the Semitic dialect called the Hebrew would now have 
been a long time unknown to man, save when some sunburnt 
traveller exhumed its sentences engraven on buried monuments 
of the past, or without whose New Testament the Greek dialect, 
as spoken in the apostolic days in various parts of Asia, would 
have been a thing unknown and lost for ever. Who cannot 
doubt but that which the Scriptures have done for the soul and 
mind of the Anglo-Saxon, chasing away those nightmares of 
fanaticism, persecution, and blind bigotry, and substituting the 
love of God and man instead — who can doubt but that tliese 
same Scriptures which have made our language what it is, would 
do as much for the Provencal, if circulated from the poor man's 
cottage to the ouvrie's workshop, from the whirling Var to the 
waters of Marseilles, or olive groves of Ventimiglia. Not even 
all the reveries of the Troubadours, not even the romantic 
Arnaud de Marveil, of whom even Dante and Petrarch have 
sounded the warm praises — as one of the grand masters of the 
poetic art — not even that terrible Troubadour, Bertrand de 
Born, renowned alike for the vigour and sweetness of his lays as 
well as for his prov/ess in the field, and who lay dead in his 
coffin clothed in the habit of a monk of Citeaux, and yet has 
been placed by Dante in the region of despair, holding, suspended 
by its flowing tresses, his severed head between his hands, and 
pronouncing lamentable words of hideous terror — not even all 
these knightly poets have now availed to rescue their loved 



PROLOGOMENA. XV 

Provencal from the corroding traces of corruption and decay. 
Nor even those modern Troubadours, Jasmin, Bellot, Auguste 
Tendon, Vidal, Peyrottes, those Provencal poets of the present 
century — not even their exertions can avail to preserve their 
loved language in its purity and chasteness, unless it be conse- 
crated and preserved by placing the Scriptures of truth, from 
childhood to old age, in the hands of its sons and daughters. 

Sect. 9. We have thus traced the origin of this Provencal 
or Eomance ; we have seen the Latin tongue, when fading away, 
still fondly twining itself around the olive trees and purpling 
vines of the sunny south — still lingering in the speech of the 
swarthy peasant and fierce noble of the joyous Provencal shore ; 
we have seen the polished Greek of Marseilles lending the classic 
phrases of his language, and the chivalrous Arabian mingling 
his words with its sonorous utterance. And then time, in its 
flight, changing many terms, and altering many expressions, we 
have seen thus the Provencal daughter sitting on the mother's 
tomb, and then beneath a sky so beautiful, in a land of perfumes 
and of flowers, beneath the sweet flowers of the orange, and 
under the olive, and almond, and citron shade — poetry being a 
real necessity of the mind — man, in this Arcadia as it were, 
breathed forth his sweet and yearning aspirations in the language 
of song. Thus, for two centuries, bloomed that sweet Flower 
of Provence — withered in the thirteenth century, stricken, as it 
were, to death, by the cruel persecutions inflicted upon the Albi- 
genses, those hunted-down people of God, because they would 
not deliver up the faith once given to the Saints — and finally 



XVI PROLOGOMENA. 

overcome by the apparition of the Italian, that Hercules rising 
from his cradle. 

Sect. 10. The influence of the Provencal upon other lan- 
guages has been undoubtedly admitted. Dante, as well as 
Petrarch, admired the poetry of the Troubadours, and the latter 
having lived in Provence for the greater part of his life, shows 
in many poems evident traces of Provengal imitation. The 
popular sonnet, S^amor non e, is well known to have been a 
literal translation of that of Jordi, a celebrated Troubadour of 
the age preceding. Montaigne, in his quaint style, so graphic 
and picturesque, is more than suspected of having been indebted 
to the Proven9al ; and Chaucer is stated by Dryden to have 
used the same language as a means of polishing the asperities of 
the English of the age. Dryden himself esteemed the Proven9al 
as by far the most cultivated and elegant language of the twelfth 
century. In fact, in most European courts the wandering Trou- 
badours sang their plaintive lais, and offered, as models of com- 
position, to the rising New-Latin tongues, the beauteous models 
of Provengal poetry. 

Sect. 11. Prom the day of William of Guyenne, that bold 
crusader, to that of Esteve de Blesieres, some two hundred 
Troubadours have left to us their songs. Not in the history of 
the cloistered monks, living apart from men, and mingling with 
their bare details of fact the legends of a superstitious fancy, but 
in the works of these knightly poets, are we to look for the true 
and graphic paintings of the manners and people of the age. 
Against sovereign, bishop, priest, and monk alike, they launched 



PROLOGOMENA. OTll 

the arrows of a piquant and virtuous indignation. And thus 
poetry revelled in this sweet fragrant. Provengal clime. The 
chase, the tournay, the court, frequented by the Troubadour, 
imbued with deep religious fervour, many of them sought the 
Holy land with the vast armies of the Crusaders, while others, 
staying tranquilly at home, sang the charms of the demoiselles 
to whom they owed allegiance. 

" Al chan d'ausels commenza ma chansas. 
Chant aug chantar la ghianta et aiglos^, 
E'pels cortits veg verdegar lo luis, 

La blava fiors que par entrels sablos. 
La us' espand la blanca fior del lis." 

{Thus 7'enderable.) 
" With singing of the birds begins my song, 
When lark and blackbird thus again I hear. 
The meadow fields with green are clothed along, 

And blue flowers rustle gently on mine ear. 
While waters murmur thro' the silv'ry sand, 

And lilies snow-white flowers on either side expand." 

Thus runs one of their poesies. These poems have been divided 
into two classes, the sirventes and the chansoz ; the former em- 
bracing more the subject of the day than the latter, which 
generally sang the praises of the betrothed lady of the Trou- 
badour. There still exists a touching little sirvente, composed 
by Eichard the Lion- heart, in which he wails over his two years' 
captivity in Germany, and says that he would have ransomed 
the humblest Poitevin, Gascon, Norman, or Englishman beneath 
his rule, who had fallen into the enemies' power. 

b 2 



XVlll PROLOGOMENA. 

The sojourn of the Pope at Avignon, localised the Italian in 
the very fountain of the Provencal; the noble chatelaines read 
the tales of Boccaccio, or the sonnets of Petrarch, instead of the 
sirventes of their compatriots, while soon united to Prance, the • 
southerns had to learn its language ; and so the sweet idiom of 
the knights took shelter among the people of the country 
districts, flying, as it were, from the overpowering grasp of its 
northern relation. 

Sect. 12. But few works of any note appeared in the 
Provencal, from the end of the thirteenth to the beginning of 
the seventeenth century. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem, 
still preserved among its knights the Order of the Tongue of 
Provence, and in many a hard-fought battle, these gallant cava- 
liers remained faithful to the traditions of past Provencal valour ; 
but it was not until Goudouli, in his noble Stances sur la Mort 
d^ffenri IF,, his Chant Royal and Bonnets, taught Prance, 
that the southern harp still existed, though, it may be, with 
chords long disused to song and melody. It was not till Pierre 
Goudouli, who has so sweetly sung The Violet of March which 
brings us back the Spring, and in that sweet refrain has half 
caused us to forget Gabriel Chiabera's exquisite poem on the 
spring violet, too — even he has shown us, that what the southern 
harp has lost in fiery force, it has gained in sweetness, and what 
it may have lost in varied imagery, it has gained in nature and 
in pathetic power. Had Smollett, when, a hundred years ago 
almost, heart-broken, shattered in spirit as in body, passing 
through Provence, in his own touching description, — 

" Patria relicta, tristitia, solicitudo sequuntur, — " 



PROLOGOMENA. XIX 

words sadly descriptive of Ihe mere worldly man, whose grasp 
of this life is fast failing, and whose prospect of the better life is 
clouded over with dark hopelessness — had he known of Goudouli, 
Sage de Montpellier, Dupry de Carpentras, the author of the 
exquisite Ranz des VacJies^ not of the air itself, which boasts of 
a higher antiquity, but of the words set to it — besides Gros de 
Marseille, who wrote that wise epilogue or fable, the Dervise 
and the Grand Visier — he would scarcely have penned the words, 
" It, the Provencal, is neglected here at Nice^ as the language of 
the vulgar; it must have undergone changes," he remarks, with 
truth, '' and corruptions in the course of so many ages, especially 
as no pains have been taken to preserve its original purity, either 
in orthography or pronunciation ; scarce anybody here knows* 
either its origin or constitution." He then giveja canzon, from 
which we shall extract a verse, as tending to show how Italianized 
the Provencal has become on the far side of the Var :— 

" Qu' ario de Paradis ! 

Que maesta divino ! 
La belezza eblovis. 
La bonta I'ueigi raffino ; 

Jeu vous saiudi, 
E demandi en socours, 
E senso autre preludi, 

Canti laus uvostre honours." 

*' What air of Paradise ! 
What majesty divine ! 
The beauty dazzles, 
The goodness refines the eye ; 



XX PROLOGOMENA. 

I salute you. 
And ask for aid, 
And without other prelude, 

I sing your honours." 

Even in this simple verse, how musically the words flow, and 
the reader will mark also the old Proven^cal of writing with an 
" h " words which, in Latin, commence with that letter, as 
Honours, Latin Honor, and which, generally speaking, has now 
disappeared, though Ra, from Am, Latin Habeo, I have, still 
retains it. Still, Smollett was, in a great measure, right ; after 
some six months' residence in Sardinia, and inquiry upon my 
part, the only work that I could procure relative to this language 
was a small brochure by Don Giausep Miceu, to which I am 
much indebted in the following work. On the Italian side of 
the Yar, with the exception of the songs of welcome composed 
by the Nizzards in honour of the visits of Ke Galantuomo, and 
a long satirical poem called the Hemiad, intended to satyrise 
the sacristan of one of the churches, I am not aware that any 
publications have appeared in the Provengal of late years. A 
translation of a popular little libretto, the well-known Sinner's 
Friend, has been circulated among those speaking it by pious 
tourists, desirous of the furtherance of those blessed truths of 
reliance upon the finished work of the Eedeemer> which have 
been always dear to the hearts of Christians. The gallant 
Victor Emmanuel himself, is well skilled in Lo patouas de Nizza, 
as it is termed. 

Sect. 13. The nineteenth century, however, has witnessed a 



PROLOGOMENA. XXI 

wondrous awakening in the Provencal muse. Jasmin of Agen 
has shown to France, and through the charming version of 
Longfellow, to England, in the Blind Girl of Chastel Cuille 
the exquisite effects which the Romance tongue is capable of. 
When this Bard of the people arrived in Paris, received even by 
Eoyalty itself, welcomed in the saloons of the great, and in the 
most brilliant reunions hearing the repetition of his verses hailed 
by the most rapturous plaudits, reading as he did under the 
great difficulty of an almost total ignorance of his language on 
the part of his Parisian auditory. Still, as he read slowly over 
the text itself, then translated it word by word, and then 
declaimed it with wondrous fire, his readings were broken by 
repeated thunders of applause. In fact, Paris was as enthusi- 
astic as Marseilles, Toulouse, Bordeaux, or even Agen itself 
could have been. Thousands of copies of his works, accompanied 
by a literal translation, having been sold, attest the wondrous 
awakening of the Provencal lyre. 

Sect. 14. The Troubadours of our day are almost in- 
variably men of the people — working for their daily bread, 
familiar with the cares, the joys, the sorrows of humanity, 
they sing them with a power and pathos that gains entrance 
to the ProvenQal heart ; witness The Song of the Consimptive, 
by Peyrottes : — 

" The autumn leaves are quickly dying. 
The swallow seaward fast is flying ; 
My soul for better life is sighing. 

In Heavenly land so fair. 



XXU PROLOGOMENA. 

Flower of my youth has passed away, 
Beauty lies breathless in decay ; 
Yet love, deep, tender, with me stay, 

When I am entering there. 

Come, death, with all thy gloomy band ; 
' Close to thy margin — Grave — I stand ; 
My sufiPerings close with life's brief sand. 

No sorrow there, nor care. 

JESUS my sin has washed away. 
My soul be this, thy only stay — 
And mother, let not want dismay. 

He will a Home prepare. 

With less'ning voice, soon hushed in death. 
Thus spake the sick man's dying breath. 
While sounded on each house beneath. 

The parting bell in air." 

Sect. 15. One peculiarity, common to the Provencal as to 
the Italian, is, its amazing number of diminutives and augmenta- 
tives. M. Philis relates an anecdote to this purpose. He says 
there was, at Solliez, in Provence, a convent of Capuchins, and 
although this was a mendicant order, it appears that the monks 
used occasionally to solace themselves with the very innocent 
recreation and pleasure of taking a cup of cafe an lait at break- 
fast. One morning one of these fathers went to the refectory 
with this intention ; as he entered the kitchen he saw a great 
smoking jug of coffee ; immediately, with a sorrowful air and 
loud voice, he exclaimed, " Perche es aquelo escudelasso ? " For 



PROLOGOMENA. XXIU 

whom is that great pitcher of cafe au lait? — '' Es per bous^'' It 
is for you, replied the cook — '' AhT^ cried the monk, with joy 
and lowered voice, *' Es per yeu aquelo escudeletto ? " Is that 
pretty little porringer for me ? There is a subtlety and finesse 
between the meaning of this augmentative and diminutive, which 
can only be well understood by those who know the Italian and 
Provengal perfectly. 

Sect, 16. Another peculiarity of this language is, says M. 
Cabrie, that such is its richness and beauty, that it can express 
a crowd of shades of meaning which escape the French. Thus, 
the latter use the words hacJie, coignee, serpette^ to express our 
hatchet or axe. But the Proven9al has a much greater number : 
there is PoudadouirOy an instrument for cutting the vine ; a term 
used in the Spanish language, as the readers of Don Quixote in 
the original are aware. It has the words Ficoussin and Fuoissoun 
to express hatchets for cutting down large branches of trees ; 
the terms Tranchet and Serpetto for pruning and clearing instru- 
ments ; and the word JDestrau to designate a large axe. But 
how express in French the so complex and so expressive idea 
contained in Se poucJiegea^ which means to search hastily in one's 
pockets, in the fear of having lost something ; and CJiaucMlla^ 
whose imitative harmony expresses so well the action of a child 
who amuses himself by treading in water, and making it gush 
out from under the soles of his feet ; and S'espata, to express 
the action of a man's falling headlong. 

Thus do we present our Handbook, friendly reader, unto 
thee ; with all its imperfections it will have its good results, and 



XXIV PROLOGOMENA. 

perliaps one, and that not quite the least, that it will prove a 
slight bond of interest between two great and noble nations. 
The more, I feel convinced, that we know of France, both 
northern and southern, the closer the bond of union will be 
drawn between us ; let us give credit to both ruler and people 
for those great and splendid qualities which they each possess, 
and among those, let us rank sincerity. I shall never forget 
being at Marseilles when that gallant stand was made by .a few 
Englishmen against all the might of the Kussian army engaged 
in the battle of Inkerman, I think it was , and when a French 
news-vendor, giving out the news, changed the word, and said 
a few thousand Frenchmen instead of Englishmen, in answer to 
my observation he replied, ''It is all the same thing. Sir." I 
felt rebuked, I own — may it ever prove thus — and in the eloquent 
words of Jasmin,' when he pictures the Proven9al language as 
his second mother lying on the bed of languishing, and says 
seasons have passed away, and will pass away, and will roll on, 
and their echoes sound in our ears — ^but this loved tongue shall 
not and must not die — our mother, she recalls our own dear 
mother, sister, friend, and crowds of bye-gone associations, which 
come into our minds while sitting by the evening fire. It is 
the language of our toils and labours — she comes with us at our 
birth, she lingers on our tomb. This Handbook I^now present 
to thee, my reader, and may the parting thought accompany thee 
of the happy land and blessed age when all languages shall 
merge into the great triumphal language of praise and adoration 
to the Triune JEHOVAH. 



HAND BOOK 

TO THE 

MODERN PROVENCAL LANGUAGE. 



PART I. 

RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION. 

There are twenty-two letters in this language; they 
are the same as in English^ except that there is no 
K, W, X, Y. 

Six letters are vowels^ a^ e, i^ o^ u^ j. 

There are ten parts of speech — the Verb^ the Pronoun^ 
Noun, Adjective, Article, Adverb, Preposition, Participle, 
Conjunction, and Interjection. 

There are two genders — Masculine and Feminine. 

Two numbers— Singular and Plural. 

The words in this language are always written as they 
are pronounced, especially those which have almost the 
same sound, in order to distinguish them, as — we write. 
Coou, to distinguish (a hurt, or wound, same as un urt, 

una blessura) . 
Doou marks the genitive. 
Dau marks the ablative. 
Foou for si deu (It ought. It must be) . 
Fau for first person, indicative present of faire (to do), 

^a do.^^ 
Poou is for the adverb, poco, peu, little, and also — 
Poou, from poude, to be able (is 3rd person indicative^ 
singular) . 



2 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION* 

Pauou means fear or fright. 

Sau is salt, and san is from saupre, to know, also — 

Son (accented) means '' The Voice f' unaccented, it is 
the 3rd pers, plural, p. I, of estre, to be, ^^they are/^ 
or the possessive pronoun. 

Troou means Troppo, trop (too much) . 

Trau means a small opening. 

Voou (3 p. s. p. Indie, of voule), "he wishes.^^ 

Vau is from ana, " I go.^^ 

Ha (he has), a, is the preposition "To.^^ 

Vou (ye or you), if placed after the verb, as in the im- 
perative always happens, then is written vo, and is 
united with the verb, as souvenevo (remember you) . 

PRONUNCIATION. 

The letter a, when unaccented and found at the end 
of a word, holds the place of the French mute e, and is 
scarcely pronounced ; as in nizza, aima, canta, luna — 
(anciently written nisso, aimo, luno) for this reason. 
But if found in the middle of a word, or at its end (as 
taking the place of the strong French e, or the syllable 
er) , then it takes the accent, and is pronounced strongly. 
When finally it is found alone to make the word, it is 
pronounced strongly ; as cantk (to sing), bonta (good- 
ness), verity (truth), ma, fa, ha. In other words 
unaccented, it is scarcely felt ; accented, it is strongly 
pronounced. 

e, when e is accented, as e, it is pronounced 
strongly, as at the end of the following words — premie, 
darrie, mestie. In the penultimate syllable,^ when the 
last vowel is mute, it is pronounced strong and open; as 
premiera, precede, liege. But if e be unaccented, it is 
always mute, or scarcely pronounced ; as at the end of 
the words poble, dimeneghe, perche, soubre, die. 

i, unaccented, is pronounced naturally without dwell- 
ing upon it, or when it is alone in the word, it is iu the 



THE ACCENT. 6 

same way lightly pronounced. But when accented, it is 
pronounced strongly ; as durmi^ legi, veni. 

b, accented, is pronounced strong, accb, aissb ; when 
followed by d, I, r, st, it is also pronounced strong ; as 
puort, faol, indispost, for (indisposat) . When unac- 
cented at the end, or in the middle of a word, or 
followed by n, Sy m, only, o is pronounced like the 
French ou. 

u, if in the same word it is followed by o, is pro- 
nounced ou; as fuorty puort ; but otherwise it is pro- 
nounced naturally. 

The letter j is for double i ; thus you should pro- 
nounce pleja plei'ia, vojella voi-iella, 

ai, ei are pronounced as if the vowels were separated. 
au is pronounced aou. 
eu is pronounced eou, 
ou is the French ou. 
no is pronounced oub. 

ch and gh are pronounced as in Italian ; i.e., ch is 
pronounced like k, as bochsa, boksa. 

THE ACCENT — f) 

The accent is a mark placed over the vowel to make 
it sound stronger, and to make it be dwelt longer on -, 
as in the words, verita, audi, acco, virtu, mestie. 

In this language we only use one accent, which serves 
also as the French tremra, or English dioeresis ; or, to 
make two vowels, be each separately pronounced ; as in 
the words — 

pais aura, etc. 

(country) (now) 

The accent is written thus — (") 

(aura, means now — aura, lie shall have.) 

THE APOSTROPHE — {') 

Marks the elision of one of these four vowels, a, e, i, o. 



4 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION. 

a followed by a vowel, or by an h, is omitted in the 
words — 

La — as L^anima, Tidea, Topera, Tunita^ Than aimat, 
for La anima, la opera, la lian aimat, la unita. 
. Sensa (without) sens^argen (for sensa argen) (without 
money.) 

Coura (when) cour^eu vendra for coura eu vendra. 

Coma, com'achella. 

Coouca, couc^ antra. 

Coouca before e and i takes an A, thus — 

CbouchHdea, cboucKespada, 
e followed by a vowel is left out in the words — 

De of. brula d^'amour (to burn with love.) 
Manca d^ esperanza (to want hope.) 
Che and perche, puische, as ch' has face (What hast thou 

done?) Ch^impuorta? Perch^has parlat 

(Why hast thou spoken?) PuiscVeu non es vengut 

(Since he is not come.) 

Embe^ (with) (same as French avec and the Italian 
con), emVeUy emVacco, for embe eu, embe acco (With 
him.) 

i, followed by a vowel, is lost in mi, ti, si, pronouns. 
Louis m^aima (Louis loves me) ; leu t^escouto (I hear 
thee) ; eu s'offre (he offers) . 

0, followed by a vowel, is lost in Lo ; we say 
U amour (Love) for Lo amour ; L^ordre (order) ; Uhan 
trouvat for lo han trouvat (They have found it) . 

en is lost in the word nen, which means nou (personal 
pronoun) (us). And in nen (demonstrative pronoun), 
which means ^^ of that thing,^^ when it is followed by a 
vowel, or an h. Thus n^ha parlat (for nou ha parlat) 
(he has told us) or (he has told to us of that thing). 

ou is lost before a vowel, or before an h, in the per- 
sonal pronouns nou, vou (we, ye) ; as Louis n^aima 
(Louis loves us) ; leu v^escouti (I hear you) ; instead 
of Louis nou aima, leu vou escouti, 

* Anciently written and spoken Ambe. 



NOUNS OF NUMBER. 



You should particularly observe that these articles 
and the demonstrative pronouns never lose in the plural 
the final vowel. You should always write them — Lit 
Enfan (The children) li anima-, achellu ouvrie (these 
workmen) ; achesti opera (those works). 



NOUNS OF NUMBER 

ARE CARDINAL AND ORDINAL. 





CARDINAL. 


CARDINAL. 


Un. 


. . One 


Vintun 


Twenty-one 


Doui . 


. . Two 


Vintadoui 


Twenty-two 


Tre 


. . Three 


Vintatres . 


Twenty-three 


Catre . 


. . "Four 


Yintacatre 


Twenty-four 


Sine 


. . Five 


Vintasinc . 


Twenty-five 


Siei 


. . Six 


Yintasiei . . 


Twenty- six 


S^t^ 


. . Seven 


Vintaset . . 


Twenty-seven 


Vuece 


. . . Eight 


Vintavuece 


Twenty-eight 


Nbou 


. . Nine 


Vintanbou 


Twenty-nine 


Dfes 


. . Ten 


Trenta . . 


Thirty 


Ouze 


. . . Eleven 


Caranta . . 


Forty 


Douze 


. . Twelve 


Sincanta . , 


Fifty 


Treze 


. . Thirteen 


SoLiassanta . 


Sixty 


Catorze 


. . Fourteen 


Settanta . 


Seventy 


Chinze 


. . Fifteen 


Yuettanta 


Eighty 


Seze 


. . Sixteen 


Nouzanta . . 


Ninety 


Deseset 


. . Seventeen 


Sbn ... 


One hundred 


Desevu 


eoe . Eighteen 


Mille, etc. 


One thousand 


Deseno 


ou . Nineteen 


Doui mille 


Two thousand 


Yint 


. . Twenty 


Tre mille, etc. 


Three thousand 



The Ordinal numbers are formed from the Cardinal. 
They are as follows : — 

Premie . . . . . . First or premiera (fem.) 

Segont Second or segonda (feminine) 

Trouasieme . . . , . Third or trouasiema 

Catrieme Fourth or catriema, etc. 

b2 



6 



THE VERB. 



Sinchierae Fifth 

Sisieme . . . . . . Sixth 

Settieme Seventh 

Vuittieme . . . . . Eighth 

Nouvieme Ninth 

Disieme Tenth 

Onzieme Eleventh 

Douzieme Twelfth 

Darrie Last — Darriera 

Una desena A half score 



Una dousena .... 
Una vintena .... 
Una sentena -x 

or i ... 

Un sentenau ^ 


A dozen 
A score 

A hundred 


Lo double . . Double 
Lo triple . . . Triple 
La mitan . . . The half 


Lo ters 
Lo cart 


THE ' 


VERB. 


I 


. 



The third 
The quarter 



The subject whether it be noun or pronoun is put 
after the verb. 

1. When you ask a question^ as — 

Che pensera de tu lo mestre ? 
What will the master think of you ? 

2. When relating the words of any one — 

" leu mi cresi urous" (said a workman) '* coura puodi tra- 
vaiglia touta la semana." 

" I think myself happy when I can work all the week." 

3. After the word tau, ensin (such^ thus)^ as — 

Tau era lo mien avis — (Such was my advice.) 
Ensin mouret achell'ome — (Thus died that man.) 

4. After the impersonal verbs es ar rivat, es tomb at, 
etc.; as— 



THE VEKB. 7 

Es arrival un gran malur. 

(There has happened a great misfortune.) 

Ea tombat una fuorta pleja. 

(There has fallen a great rain.) 

II. 

1. You should never use the perfect form aimeri, 
senieri, renderiy except in speaking of a time entirely 
passed — thus^ you should never say — 

'' leu travaiglieri esto matin, anguei, esta, semana, est' an, ^' 
" I worked this morning, to day, this week, this year ; " 
because the day^ week^ year, is not entirely past yet; 
but you should say rather — 

" len hai travaigliat esto matin, esta semana," etc. 
" I have worked this morning, this week," etc. 
using the other form of the perfect. 

2. When the time is entirely past, you may use both 
forms of the perfect, as 

" leu travaiglieri or hai travaigliat la semana ^assada, Van 
passat ier.^' 

'' I worked or have worked the past week, past vear, yester- 
dav." 

III. 

The conjunction che puts the verb that follows it in 
the subjunctive mood. 

1. When the first verb is in the present or future, 
put in the present subjunctive the verb after che^ as — 

Lu vuostre parent s j • [ che vautre sighes plus attent. 

^ (_ desu'eran j or 

Your parents desire that you should be more attentive. 

2. When the first verb is one of the perfects, put the 
second verb in the imperfect subjunctive, as — 

' desirerion 

desireron i - r i • i 

1 1 • i. I che vautre loughessias plus 

han desirat ) .^ , ^ ^ 

V 1 • i. f attent. 
avion desu'at 

aurion desirat , 



Lu vuostre parent 



THE VERB. 



IV. 

Some verbs mav be declined in two manners, thus — 
rComporre, descomporre, interporre, 
\Composa, decomposa^ interpose, 
which both mean to compose, discompose, interpose; 
may be declined in a double manner — 

rComporre, descomporre, interporre, being derived 

< from the Italian, are of the third conjugation, like 
[^rendre ; 

I but Composk, decomposa, interposa, being derived 

< from the French, are of the first conjugation, like 
\^aima, 

rCorriege (Italian) is of the third conjugation; 

< Corrigik (French) same meaning (t(^ correct), is first 
[^ conjugation; 

but you should remark that the third person singular of 
the present indicative of both verbs is eu corriege. 

The same may be said of the verb prottegia, etc. (to 
protect.) 

The verb then signifies to be, to do, or to suffer, and 
has three principal tenses — The present, the past or 
perfect, and future. 

ESTRE, TO Be. 

{First Auxiliary Verb) 

Estre, to be Present Infinitive. 

Estre estat, to have been Past Infinitive. 

Essen, being Present Participle. 
Estat, estada, essen, estat, been Past Participle 



Devent estre, about to be 


Future Participle. 


En essen, 


Gerund. 


INDICATIVE. 


PRESENT. 


IMPERFECT. 


leu Sieu ^ 


leu Eri ^ 


Tu Sies 




Tu Eres 




Eu or Ella Es 


, lam, 
' etc. 


Eu or Elli Era 


I was. 


Nautre Sien 


Nautre Eravan 


^ etc. 


Vautre Sies 




Vautre Eravas 




EUuorEUi Son j 




Ellu or Elli Eron j 





SECOND PERFECT. 

Fougheri or Sieu estat ^ 



Fougheres 
Foughet 
Fougherian 
Fougherias 



Fougheron 



Sies estat 
Es estat 
Sien estat 
Sies estat 
Son estat 



Serai 
Seras 
Sera 



I^UTURE. 

Seren 

Seres 
Seran 



I 

shaU 

be 



THE 


VERB. 


PLUPERFECT. 


S 




Eri 


Estat ^ 




I 


Eres 


Estat 




Era 


Estat 


I had 


ave 


Eravan Estat 


' been 


een 


Eravas 


Estat 






Eron 


Estat , 




FUTURE PAST. 




Serai estat 


Seren estat ^ 


I shall 


Seras estat 


Seres estat >■ 


have 


Ser 


a estat 


Seran estat ^ 


been 



IMPERATIVE^ (no first person.) 

Sighes tu 
Sighe eu 
Sighen nautre 
Sighes vautre 
Sighen ellu 



Be thou, etc. 



CONDITIONAL. 



Serii 

Series 

Seria 



PRESENT. 

Serian ^ I 
Serias [ should 
Serion ^ be 



Serii estat 
Series estat 
Seria estat 



PAST. 

Serian estat ^ I should 
Se riasestat > have 
Serion estat ^ been 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 
PRESENT. 

Che ieu sighi 
Che tu sighes 
Che eu sighe 
Che nautre sighen 
Che vautre sighes 
Che ellu sio;on 



) That I may be, etc. 



IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu sighessi, or foughessi, or foussi 
Che tu sighesses, or foughesses, or fousses 
Che eu sighesse, or foughesse, or fousse 
Che nautre sighessian, or foughessian 
Che vautre sigbessias, or foughessias 
Che ellu sighesson, or foughesson, or fousson 



That 1 
mio;ht be 



10 



THE VERB. 



PERFECT. 

Che ieu sighi estat 
Che tu sighes estat 
Che eu sighe estat 
Che nautre sighen estat 
Che vautre sighes estat 
Che ellu sigon estat 



That T may- 
have been 



PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu sighessi, or foughessi, or foussi estat 
Che tu sighesses, or foughesses, or fousses estat 
Che eu sighesse, or foughesse, or fousse estat 
Che nautre sighessian, or foughessian estat 
Che vautre sighessias, or foughessias estat 
Che ellu sighesson, or foughesson estat 



That I 

might 

have been 



AvE^ TO Have. 

[Second Auxiliary Verb,) 

(Ave, to have.) (x\ve agut, to have had.) (Aven, having.) 
(Agut, aguda, aven agut, had.) (Devent ave, about to have.) 
(En aven.) 



INDICATIVE. 



Hai 
Has 
Ha 



PRESENT. 

Aven ^ 
Aves [ I 
Han ^ 



have 



Ieu haigheri, 
Tu haigheres, 
Eu haighet, 
Nautre haigherian, 
Yautre haigherias, 
Ellu haio'h'eron 



Avii 

Avies 

Avion 

PERFECT. 

and hai agut 
has agut 
ha agut 
aven agut 



IMPERFECT. 

Aviavan ^ 

Aviavas > 

Avion ^ 



I had 



y.I have had 



aves agut 
ban agut 



Avii agut 
Avies agut 
A via agut 



PLUPERFECT. 

Aviavan agut 
Aviavas agut 
Avion agut 



I had 
had 



Aurai 
Auras 
Aura 



FUTURE. 

Auren -^ 
Aures > 
Auran ^ 



I shall 
have 



THE VERB. 



11 



Aiirai agut 
Auras agut 
Aura agut 



FUTURE PAST. 

Auren agut -s 

Aures agut > I shall have had 

Auran agut ^ 



IMPERATIVE^ (no first person). 
Haighes tu Haighea nautre | ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 

Haighe eu Haighes vautre ) 

Haigon ellu 



CONDITIONAL. 



PRESENT. 



leu auiii 
Tu amies 
Eu auria 
Nautre aurian 
Vautre aurias 
Ellu aurion. 



PAST. 



Aurii agut 
Auries agut 
I should Auria agut 
have Aurian agut 

Aurias agut 
Aurion agut 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 



I I should 
( have had 



PRESENT. 

Che ieu haighi 
Che tu haighes 
Che eu haighe 
Che nautre haighen 
Che vautre haighes 
Che ellu hai2:on 



That I 
may 
have 



IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu haighessi 
Che tu haighesses 
Che eu haighesse 



That 
I 



Che nautre haighessian/" might 
Che vautre haighessias have 
Che ellu haighesson 



PERFECT. 

Che ieu haighi agut 
Che tu haighes agut 
Cheu eu haighe agut 
Che nautre haighen agut 
Che vautre haighes agut 
Che ellu haigon agut 

PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu haighessi agut 
Che tu haighesses agut 
Che eu haighesse agut 
Che nautre haighessian agut 
Che vautre haighessias agut 
Che ellu haighesson agut 



That I may 
have had 



That I might 
have had 



12 



THE VERB. 



OF THE CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE VERBS. 

There are three conjugations of active verbs ; the 

1st has the infinitive ending in a accented ; as^ for 
instance, the verbs aima (to love), canta (to sing). 

2nd has the infinitive ending in t accented ; as the 
verbs senti, audiy legi. 

3rd has the infinitive ending in e, not accented ; as 
rendre. 

All verbs ending in a (accented) are conjugated or 
declined, as aima] as, for example, mangia (to eat), 
travaiglia (to work), dansa (to dance). 

It is to be observed that in speaking this language, 
the pronouns before the verb are generally omitted; 
thus, we say Aimi instead of leu airni (I love) ; for Tu 
cantes we say Cantes (Thou singest) ; Dansan we say 
instead of nautre dansan (we dance) ; Aimon instead of 
ellu aimon (They love) ; Aimas instead of vautre aimas 
(ye love) . 

MODEL OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 



In a. 



PRESENT. 






PERFECT, 


Aimi ^ 




Aimavi ^ 




Aimeri, and hai aimat ' 


Aimes 


I 

>love, 
etc. 


Aimaves 




Aimeres has aimat 


Aima 


Aimava 


, I was 


Aimet ha aimat 


Aiman 


Aimavan 


loving 


Aimerian aven aimat 


Aimas 


Aimavas 




Aimerias aves aimat 


Aimon, 




Aimavon, 




Aimeron han aimat , 


PLUPERFECT. 


FUTU'^E. 


A vii aimat 




Aimerai 




Avies amiat 




Aim eras 




Avia aimat 


I had 
loved 


Aim era 


i. T -i.,.n 


Aviavan aimat 


Aimeren / ^ ^"^^^ 


Aviavas aimat 




Aimeres 




Avion 


aimat . 




Aimeran > 





I 

Have 
loved 



THE VERB. 



13 



Aurai aimat 
Auras aimat 
Aura aimat 



PAST FUTURE. 

Auren aimat 
Aures aimat 
Auran aimat 



Shall have loved 



IMPERATIVE, (no first person). 



Aima tu 
Aime eu 



Aim en nautre 
Aimas vautre 



Love thou 



Aimon ellu 



Aimerii 

Aimeries 

Aimeria 



CONDITIONAL, 
PRESENT. 

Aimerian 
Aimerias 
Aimerion 



I shall love 



PAST. 

Aurii aimat 
Auries aimat 
Auria aimat 
Aurian aimat 
Aurias amat 
Aurion amat 



I should have loved 



PRESENT. 

Che ieu aimi 
Che tu aimes 
Che eu aime 
Che nautre aimen 
Che vautre aimes 
Che ellu aimon 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu aimessi 
That Che tu aimesses 
I Che eu aimesse 
/ may Che nautre aimessian 
love Che vautre aimessias 
Che ellu aimesson 



That 
I 

( might 
love 



PERFECT. 

Che ieu haighi aimat 
Che tu haighes aimat 
Che eu haighe aimat 
Che nautre haighen aimat 
Che vautre haighes aimat 
Che ellu haighon aimat 



That I may have loved 



14 



THE VERB. 



That 1 might have 
loved 



PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu haighessi aimat 
Che tu haighesses aimat 
Che eu haighesse aimat 
Che nautre haighessian aimat 
Che vautre haighessias aimat j 
Che ellu haighesson aimat J 

Infinitive Present Aima (to love). 

Ave aimat (to have loved). 

Aimant (loving). 

Deven aima or (about to love). 

Aimat ^ aimada^ aven aimat (loved). 

En aiman (in loving). 

Un aven aimat (in having loved). 

En deven aima (in being about to love). 

Aimat, aimada (loved). 

Aven aimat (having loved). 



Infinitive Past 
Present Participle 
Future Participle 
Past Participle 
Gerund Present 
Gerund Past 
Gerund Future 
Past Participle 



MODEL OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
In I, 



I 

yfeel 
I etc. 



PRESENT. 

Senti 

Sentes 

Sente 

Senten 

Sentes 

Senton } 

PLUPERFECT 

Avii sentit ^ 

Avies sentit [ 

Avia sentit 
Aviavan sentit 
Aviavas sentit 
Avion sentit 



IMPERFECT. 

Sentii 

Senties 

Sentia 

Sentavan 

Sentavas 

Sention 



felt 



PERFECT. 

Senteri and hai sentit 



I had felt 



Senteres 

Sentet 

Senterian 

Senterias 

Senteron 

Senterai 

Senteras 

Sentera 

Senteren 

Senteres 

Senteran 



has sentit 
ha sentit 
aven sentit 
aves sentit 
han sentit 

FUTURE. 



! I 

)have 
felt 



I shall feel 



FUTURE PAST. 



Aurai sentit 
Auras sentit 
Aura sentit 
Auren sentit 
Aures sentit 
Auran sentit 



>. 



) I shall have felt 



THE VERB* 



15 



IMPERATIVE, (no first person) . 



Sente tu 
Sente eu 

Feel thou 
Let him feel 



Senton ellu 



Senten nautre 
Sentes vautre 

Let us feel 
Let us feel 



Let them feel 



CONDITIONAL. 

PEESENT. 

Senterii Senterian 

Senteries Senterias 

Senteria Senterion 

PAST, 

leu aurii sentit ^^ 

Tu auries sentit 1 

Eu auria sentit [ 

Nautre aurian sentit 
Yautre aurias sentit 
Ellu auiion sentit j 



I should feel 



I should have felt 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRESENT. 

Che ieu senti ^ 
Che tu sentes 
Che eu sente 
Che nautre senten 
Che vautre sentes 
Che ellu senton 



\ That I 
/ may feel 



Che ieu sentessi ^ 
Che tu sentesse 
Che eu sentesse < . , , 

Che nautre sentessian / - °- 
Che vautre sentessias \ 
Che ellu sentesson y 



I That I 



feel 



PERFECT. 

Che ieu haighi sentit 
Che tu haighes sentit 
Che eu haighe sentit 
Che nautre haighen sentit 
Che vautre haighes sentit 
Che ellu haighen sentit 



}That I may have felt 



16 



THE VERB. 



Sent! 

Ave sentit 
Sentent 
Sentit, sentida, 

aven sentit 
Deven senti 



PLUPERFECT. 

Che leu haighessi sentit 

Cbe tu haigliesses sentit 

Che eu haighesse sentit ( That I might 

Che nautre haighessian sentit / have felt 

Che vautre haighessias sentit 

Che ellu haighesson sentit 

Infinitive Present ") To feel, to perceive, or be 
Infinitive Past j sensible of; To have felt. 
Participle Present Feeling. 

Felt. 



> Participle Past 

Participle Future About to feel. 
En senten, En aven sentit. En deven senti. 
In feeling. In having felt, In being about to feel. 



MODEL OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

In e. 

INDICATIVE. 



I return, or 

restore, or 

render 



PRESENT. 

leu rendi 
Tu rendes 
Eu rende 
Nautre renden 
Vautre rendes 
Ellu rendon 

PERFECT. 

Eenderi and hai rendut ^ 
Eenderes has rendut Have 
Eendet ha rendut v re- 

Eenderian aven rendut : turn- 
Eenderias aves rendut ed 
Eenderon han rendut j 



IMPERFECT. 

leu rendii 
Tu rendies 
Eu rendia 
Nautre rendavan 
Vautre rendavas 
Ellu rendion 

PLUPERFECT 

Avii rendut ^ 
Avies rendut 
Avia rendut 
Aviavan rendut 
Aviavas rendut 
Avion rendut 



I 

returned 



Had 
returned 



Eenderai 

Eenderas 

Eendera 

Eenderen 

Eenderes 

Eenderan 



FUTURE. 



I shall return 



FUTURE PAST. 



leu aurai rendut 
Tu auras rendut 
Eu aura rendut 
(and so on for 
plural.) 



I shall 
have 



the 



re- 



( turned 



) 



THE VERB* 



17 



CONDITIONAL. 



Kenderii 

Renderies 

Eenderia 

Renderian 

Renderias 

Renderion 



PRESENT. 



)I should return 



Rende tu 
Rende eu 



Renden nautre 
Rendes vautre 



Rendon ellu 



PAST. 

Aurii rendu t 
Auries rendut 
Auria rendut 
Aurian rendut 
Aurias rendut 
Aurion rendut 



I should 

have 
returned 



IMPERATIVE^ (no first person) . 



Restore or 
return thou 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRESENT. 

Che ieu rendi 
Che tu rendes 
Che eu rende 
Che nautre renden 
Che vautre rendes 
Che ellu rendon 



I That I 
I may 
return 



IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu rendessi ] 

Che tu rendesses 
Che eu rendesse 
Che nautre rendessiauj 
Che vautre rendessias j 
Che ellu rendesson J 



That I 
might 
return 



PERFECT. 



Che ieu haighi rendut 
Che tu haighes rendut 
Che eu haighe rendut 
Che nautre haighen rendut 
Che vautre haighes rendut 
Che ellu haigon rendut 

PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu haighessi rendut 
Che ti» haighesses rendut 
Che eu haighesse rendut 
Che nautre haighessian rendut 
Che vautre haighessias rendut 
Che ellu haigrhesson rendut 



(^ That I may have 
/ returned 



That I might 
have returned 



; 



Infinitive Present 
Infinitive Past 
Participle Present 



Rendre (to return, to render, to restore). 
Ave rendut (to have returned). 
Rendent (returning). 



18 THE VERB. 

Participle Past Eendut^ renduda, aven rendut (restored). 

Future Devm rendre (about to return), 

Gerund Present JEn rend en (in returning). 

Past En aven rendut (in having returned). 

Future En deven rendre (in being about to return). 

All verbs in e are declined as rendre^ attendrey enten- 
dre ^ vendre, esprime, etc.^ etc. (to wait^ to hear, under- 
stand_, to sell, to express.) 

There are two other forms of the perfect which are 
rarely used ; as — 

leu haiglieri and hai agut *) aimat, sentit 
Tu haigheres and has agut j rendut 
(and so on). 

All verbs in i are declined as senti, audi^ benedi, 
sepeli, etc. (to hear^ bless^ bnry.) But we must observe 
that the verbs in i in this language^ which in Italian end 
the first person of the Indicative in ^sco^ in this lan- 
guage end it in issi ; as sepelissi, benedissi^ etc. 



FORMATION or THE TENSES, 

From the Infinitive present (as aima, senti, rendre) is 
formed the present Indicative — 

In the first conjugation, by changing a into i^ aima, 
ieu aimi. 

In the second, by removing the accent — sentt, senti ; 
and in some verbs by adding ssi, as feni, fenissi (to 
punish, to end) . 

In the third, by changing re or e into i ; as rendre 
makes rendi — pareisse, pareissi (to restore, to appear) . 

Exceptions : — Ana makes ieu vau (I go) ; esta, estau ; 
cugli, curbi, legi make cuegli, cuerbi, liegi ; mouri, muori 
(I die) ; ave, hai ; estre, sieu ; beure, buvi (I drink) ; 
comporre, componi ; dire, dieu (I say) ; faire, fau ; falle 
foou ; plooure, ploou ; poude, puodi ; saupre, sabi ; si rire 



THE VERB. 19 

makes ieu mi rieu; vieure, vivi (I live); veire^ veu; 
voule; vuoli ; trouva^ trovi (I find) . 

Imperfect oi first conjugation by adding vi; as aima 
vi, anavi, etc. 

Of second conjugation by adding i^ as sentii; and 
in some verbs ssii, as fenissii. 

Of third conjugation by changing re or e into li — 
rendii^ pareissii from rendre^ pareisse (to appear) . 

Exceptions: — Esta^ estaii; estre^ eri; beure^ buvii; 
compore^ componii (drink^ compose) ; saupre which 
makes sabii; vieure^ vivii (to know^ to live). 

The Perfect by changing a, i, re^ or e into eri ; as 
aimeri, senteri, renderi. 

Exceptions: — Esta makes estagheri (I have remained); 
estre^ fougheri ; ave, haigheri ; legi^ ligeri ; teni^ 
tengheri ; veni, vengheri ; beure^ beugheri ; comporre, 
composeri; dire^ digheri; faire^ fagheri; falle makes 
f ooughet ; plooure^ plooughet (it rained) ; poude^ pous- 
cheri ; si rire^ mi righeri ; veire^ vegheri ; vieure^ 
vieugheri ; voule^ vougheri (to read^ hold^ come drink, 
compose^ say, do, it ought^ it rains, to be able, to laugh, 
see, live, to wish. 

The Future changes a, 2, re, or e, into erai — aimerai, 
senterai, renderai, fenisserai, pareisserai. 

Exceptions are : — 



Leg! makes hgerai 

Falle fbourai 

Poude pourrai 

Vuole vourrai 



Esta makes estarai 
Estre serai 

Ave aurai 

Comporre composerai 

Teni, veni, and mettre, and their compounds make Tendrai, 
vendrai, and mettrai ; vale makes varrai. 

The Conditional changes a, t, re, or e, into e7*ii ; as 
aimeriiy senterii, renderii, pareisserii. 

The Exceptions are the same verbs as in the formation 
of the future are excepted. You change the future ai 



30 



THE VERB, 



into U to get the coiiditioiial; as estre^ serai, serii; 
ave, aurai, aurii. 

Imperative is formed by (for the first conjugation) 
taking off the accent from a (aima, aima) . 

For secondyhf changing i into e (senti, sente). 

For third, changing re into e ; as rendre is changed 
into rende. 

Exceptions are : — 

Estre makes sighes 

Ave haighes 

Legi Hege 

Dire dr 

Sirire rieti 

Mouri muor ^ 
(To die) ^ , 

The Subjunctive present changes a, i, re^ or e into i ; 
vls che ieu, aimi; che ieu senti ; che ieu rendiy etc. 



Teni makes ten 


Beure 


beu 


Comporre 


compone 


Faire 


fai 


Vieure . 


vieu 


Ana 


vai 


Esta 


estai 



Exceptions are :— 



Ana 

Esta 

Estre 

Ave 

Legi 

Teni 

Veni 

Beure 

Comporre 

Dire 

Faire 

Plboure 

Poude 

Sirire 

Veire 

Vieure 

Voule 



makes 



CD 

o 



PRESENT. 

vagbi 

estaghi 

sighi 

haighi 

liegi 

tenghi 

venghi 

beughi 

componi 

dighi 

faghi or fassi 

che plboughe 

puoschi 

mirighi 

veghi 

vieughi 

vuoghi 

Falle fooughesse. 



IMPEKFECT. 

Estaghessi 

Sighessi 

Haighessi 

Ligessi 

Tenghessi 

Venghessi 

Beughessi 

Composessi 

Dighessi 

Faghessi 

Plboughesse 

Plouschessi 

Mirighessi 

Veghessi 

Yieughessi 

Vouoihessi 



Togo 
To remain 
To be 
To have 
To read 
To hold 
To come 
To drink 
Compose 
To say 
To do 
Weep 
Be able 
To laugh 
To see 
To live 
To wish 



THE VERB. 



SI 



The Imperfect Subjunctive changes a, i, re, into essi ; 
as aimessi, rendessi, sentessi. 
The Exceptions are given above. 

You obtain the past participle by (in the first and 
second conjugation) adding t ; as aim^^ aimat; senti, 
sentit; and of course removing the accent. In the 
third conjugation by changing re, or e, into ut ; as 
rendre, rendut. 

Aimat, sentit, rendut, make the feminine aimada, 
sentida, rendada. 



Exceptions are: — 




Estre 


Estat, estada 


To be 


Ave 


Agut, aguda 


To have 


Curbi 


Cubert, cuberta 


To cover 


Teni 


Tengut, tenguda 


To hold 


Mouri 


Muort, muorta 


To die 


Veni 


Vengut, venguda 


To come 


Dire 


Dice, dicia 


To say 


Faire 


Pace, facia 


To do 


Beure 


Beugut, beuguda 


To drink 


Comporre 


Compost, composat 


To compose 


Falle 


Paugut 


To want 


Plboure 


Ploougut 


To weep 


Mettre 


Mes, messa 


To put 


Muovre 


Mos or mouvut 


To move 


Naisse 


Nat, iiada 


To be born 


Poude 


Pouscut 


To be able 


Eire 


Eit, rida 


To laugh 


Assolve 


Assolt or assolvut 


To absolve 


Eesolve 


Eesolut, resoluda 


To resolve 


Traire 


Trace 


To milk 


Veire 


Vist, vista 


To see 


Vieure 


Vieugut 


To live 


Voule 


Vougut 


To wish 



You should well observe that, by adding to this past 
participle, the respective tense of the auxiliary verbs 
ave, estre (to have, to be), you form all the compound 



22 



THE VERB. 



tenses ; as ieu hai aimat (I have loved) ; leu avii aimat 
(I had loved) ; leu hai sentit ; leu avii rendut, etc., etc. 
By means of these rules for the formation of the 
tenses, and their exceptions, the student can conjugate 
any verb, whether regular or irregular, in this language. 

PASSIVE VERBS. 

You can decline every passive verb by simply joining 
its past participle to the auxiliary estre (to be), and then 
declining estre through all its moods and tenses. There 
is only one conjugation for all passive verbs. 

INDICATIVE. 

PRESENT. 

, leu sieu aimat or aimada ^ 
. Tu sies aimat or aimada | 

Eu es aimat or aimada 

Nautre sien aimat or aimada 
, Vautre sies aimat or aimada 

Ellu son aimat or aimada 



)I am loved, etc. 



Was 
loved 



IMPERFECT, 

leu eri aimat 
Tu eres aimat 
(and so on.) 

PLUPERFECT. 

Eri estat aimat -. I have 
Eres estat aimat > been 
(and so on.) ^ loved 

FUTURE 

Serai estat aimat ^ 

Seras estat aimat > 

(and so on.) ^ 

CONDITIONAL. 



PERFECT. 

Eougheri or sieu estat aimat y Have 

Fougheres or sies estat aimat > been 

(and so on.) ^ loved 

FUTURE. 



Ieu serai aimat ^ I shall 
Tu seras aimat > be 
(and so on.) ^ loved 

PAST. 

I shall have been loved 



PRESENT. 

Ieu serii aimat 
Tu series aimat 
Eu seria aimat 
Nautre serian aimat 
Vautre serias aimat 
Ellu serion aimat 



I 

should 

be 
loved 



PAST. 

Ieu serii estat aimat ^^ I 

, T V should 

(and so on.) , ^^^ 

Nautre serian estat aimat j been 
Vautre serias estat aimat i loved 
Ellu serion estat aimat ) 



THE VERB. 

IMPERATIVE, (no first person). 
Sighes aimat tu 1 Be thou loved 

Sighe aimat eu \ Let him be loved 

Sighen aimat nautre 
Sighen aimat vautre 
Sighon aimat ellu 



23 



Let us be loved 

Be ye loved 

Let them be loved 



(Be thou loved, etc.) 

SUBJUNCTIVE, 
PRESENT. 

Che ieu sighi aimat 



Che tu sighes aimat > That I may be loved J 
(and so on.) ^ 



IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu sighessi, foughessi, or ^ 
Che ieu foussi aimat > That I might be loved 

(and so on.) ^ 

PERFECT, 

Che ieu sighi estat aimat \ 

Che tu sighes estat aimat [ That I may have 

Che ellu sighon estat aimat ( been loved j 

etc., etc. j 

PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu sio-hessi, fouffhessi, or ^ rri, x t - -h. -■ 

r>-i. r ^ I. 1. • i. 1 That I miffht 

Che loussi estat aimat > , , i j 

.TV S have been loved 

(and so on.) -^ 

Infinitive Present Estre aimat or aimada, aimadi (to be loved). 
Infinitive Perfect Estre estat aimat or aimada^ aimadi (to have 

been loved). 
Past Participle Essen aimat or aimada (being loved). 
Future JDeven estre aimat or aimada (about to be 

loved.) 

NEUTER VERBS. 

The neuter verb is neither active nor passive, and 
expresses an action which terminates in its doer ; as ieu 
vau (I go), ieu veni (I come), ieu duermi (I sleep), ieu 
tombi (I fall.) 



24} THE VERB. 

The greatest number of neuter verbs are declined 
with the auxiliary ave (to have) ; as ieu hai durmit (I 
have slept), but some are declined with estre (to be) ; as 
anhy veniy tombhy arriva (To go, to come, to fall, to 
happen) . 

We will decline ana, which takes estre, and durmi, 
which takes ave, as those verbs which present some 
irregularity ; as ana, you conjugate arriva, passa, tomba, 
month, cala, intra, mouri, naisse, sorti, veni, parti, etc. 
(To mount, to enter in, to enter, to die, be bom, to 
leave, to come, to set out). As durmi, you conjugate 
camina, marcia, courre, passeggia, and some others 
(To walk or travel, to march, run, to promenade) . 

Ana, to Go. 

Estre anat or anada (to be gone). 
Participle Present Anant (going), anat, anada, esseu anat (gone). 
Future Lhen ana (to be about to go). 

Gerund Present En anan (in going). 
Gerund Past En essen anat (in being gone) (having) » 



PRESENT. 


IMPERFECT. 


Ieu vau >| 


Ieu anavi ") I went. 


Tu vas 


Tu anaves ) etc. 


Eu va 1 1 go 




Nautre anan / etc. 




Vautre anas 




EUu van ) 




PERFECT. 


Aneri, and sieu anat, or anada ^ 


Aneres, and sies anat, or anada > I have gone 


etc. ^ ^ 


PLUPERFECT. - 


Ieu eri anat ^ 


Tu eres anat [ I had gone 


etc. •> 


FUTURE, 


Ieu anerai > 


Tu aneras [ I shall go 


etc. 


) 



THE VERB. 



25 



FUTURE PAST. 

leu serai anat, etc. 
(I shall have gone.) ' 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 

leu anerii (I should go). 

Tu aneries, etc. (Thou shouldest go). 

PAST. 

leu serii anat (I should have gone). 

Tu series anat, etc. (Thou shouldest have gone). 

IMPERFECT. 

Vai, or vai tu ) 

Yaghe eu 

Anen nautre ) Go thou, etc. 

Anas vautre 

Vagon ellu 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRESENT. 

Che ieu vaghi 
Che tu vaghes 
Che eu vaghe 
Che nautre anen 
Che vautre anes 



That I 
may go 



Che ellu vagon 



IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu anessi ^ That I 

Che tu anesses [ might 

etc. ^ gro 



PERFECT. 

Che ieu sighi anat 
Che tu sighes anat 
Che eu sighe anat 



etc. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu sighessi, foughessi, or foussi anat 
Che tu sighesses, foughesses, or fousses anat 
(and so on.) 



That I 

may have 

gone 



Duermi 

Duermes 

Duerme 



DuRMi, TO Sleep. 

PRESENT. 

Durmen 
Durmes 
Duermon 



That I might 
have gone 



sleep, 
etc. 



26 



THE VERB, 



IMPERFECT. 



leu durmii 
Tu durmies 
(and so on.) 



I slept 

or was 

sleeping 



PERFECT. 

Durmeri and hai diirmit ^ 
Durmeres and has durmit > 



PRESENT. 

leu durmerii 
Tu durmeries 
(and so on.) 



(and so on.) 

PLUPERFECT. 

leu avii durmit *) I had 
Tu avies durmit j slept 

FUTURE. 

leu durmerai, etc. — (I shall sleep) 

FUTURE PAST, 

leu aurai durmit -. I shall 

Tu auras durmit > have 

(and so on.) ^ slept 

CONDITIONAL. 

PAST, 

leu aurii durmit 

Tu auries durmit 

(and so on.) 

IMPERATIVE. 






I have 
slept 



]' 



should 
sleep 



I 



should 

have 

slept 



Duerme or duerme tu 
Duerme eu 
Durmen nautre 
Durmes vautre 
Duermon ellu 



Sleep thou 
Let him sleep 



Let them sleep 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRESENT. 

Che ieu duermi 
Che tu duermes 
Che eu duerme 
Che nautre durmen 
Che vautre durmes 
Che ellu duermen 



That I 
may 
sleep 



IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu durmessi -. That I 

Che tu durmesses > might 

(and so on.) ^ sleep 



PERFECT. 

Che ieu haighi durmit 

Che tu haighes durmit 

Che eu haighe durmit 

(and so on.) 



That I 

may have 

slept 



THE VERB. 27 

PLUPERFECT. 

Che ieu haighessi durmit ^ That I 

Che tu haighesses durmit 1^ might 

Che eu haighesse durmit f have 

(and so on.) J slept 

INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT. PAST. 

Durmi, to sleep Ave durmit, to have slept 

PARTICIPLE. 
PRESENT. PAST. 

Durment, sleeping Durmit, durmida, aven durmit, slept 

FUTURE. 

Deven durmi, about to sleep 

GERUND. 
PRESENT. PAST. 

En durraen, in sleeping En aven durmit, in having slept 



IMPERSONAL VERBS 

Are those which are only used in the third person 
singular through all their tenses ; as ploou (it rains), 
fooUj convert, ewpuorta (it must, it becomes, it behoveth). 

Falle, It Must. 



PRESENT. 


IMPERFECT. 


Fbou, it must or 


Fallia 


PERFECT. 


PLUPERFECT. 


^ooughet and ha foougut 


A via fougut 


FUTURE. 


FUTURE PAST. 


Fboura 


Aura foougut 


CONDITIONAL. 


PRESENT. 


PAST. 


Foouria 


Auria fbou«:uf 



NO IMPERATIVE. 



28 



6 


THE VERB. 




SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRESENT. 

Che fooughe 


PAST. 

Che fboughesse 


PERFECT. 

Che haighe foougut 


PLUPERFECT. 

Che haighesse foougut 




INFINITIVE, 


PRESENT. 

Falle 


PAST. 

Ave foougut 




PARTICIPLE. 




Pbougut. 



REFLECTED VERBS 

Are those which express the action which the subject 
makes upon itself; as ieu mi laudi (I praise myself), ieu 
mi flatti (I flatter myself), ieu mi penti (I repent, am 
sorry). You conjugate the reflected verbs in their com- 
pound tenses with the verb estre (to be) . 

Si Penti, To Repent. 

Ieu mi penti 
Tu ti pentes 
Eu si pente 
Nautre si penten 
Vautre vou pentes 
Ellu si penton 

IMPERFECT. 

Ieu mi pentii ") 
(and so on.) ) 

PERFECT, 



I repent or 

am sorry 

etc. 



I repented 



Ieu mi penteri, and mi sieu 1 t ^ i. i 

(pentitorpentida)etc. j I have repented 

^ I had repented 



PLUPERFECT. 

Ieu m'eri pentit or pentida 
(etc.) 



THE VEEB. 29 

FUTURE. 

leu mi penterai 7 t i. n j. 

. .^ s > 1 shall repent 

PAST. 

leu mi serai pentit or pentida ^ t t, i] 

Tu ti seras pentit or pentida I -, 

Eu si sera pentit or pentida • / , -, 

(and so on.) J '^'^'''^'^ 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 

leu mi pentererii 7 t l u x 

(and so on.) J I should repent 

PAST. 

leu mi serii pentit or pentida 7 t i n i ± -^ 

rpx- V 1-4. ^.j--j ri should have repented 

iu ti series pentit or pentida ) ^ 

IMPEHATIVE. 

Penteti tu Repent thou 

Che si pente eu Let him repent 

Si penten nautre Let us repent 

Pentevo vautre Eepent ye 

Che si penton eliu Let them repent 

SUBJUNCTIVE, 
PRESENT. 

Che ieu mi penti -. 

Che tu ti pentes > That I may repent 

(etc.) ^ 

IMPERFECT. 

Che ieu mi pentessi 7 m ^ t • i,i. j. 

/ , x^ > ihat i might repent 

PERFECT. 

Che ieu mi si^hi pentit or pentida 7 rn i. t i i i 

° / / X ^ >• ihat i may have repented 

INFINITIVE. 

Si penti To repent or be sorry for 

S'estre pentit or pentida To have repented 



30 THE VERB. 

PARTICIPLE. 

PAST. 

Pentit, pentida, s'essen pentit Eepented, penitent 

FUTURE. 

Deven si penti About to repent 

GERUND. 

En si penten In repenting 

En s'essen pentit In having repented 

L'intemperansa es un vissi outous e desouourant ; a clieu che 
beu embe ecces es raramen en estat de faire lo sieu travaigl. 

Intemperance is a shameful and dishonouring vice ; he who 
drinks to excess is rarely able to do his work. 

It may be^ perhaps^ as well to observe here to the 
reader^ who is unacquainted with Latin, that The 
Gerund is so named from its double use, both as a 
verb and as an adjective. It^s a sort of verbal noun, 
partaking of the nature of the participle. 

A COLLECTION OF VERB PHRASES. 

Eu Taganta, e tira. He seized it and pulled. 

Aloura continua a tira. Then he continued to pull. 

Per ima buon' oura. For a good hour. 

Che auria face la sieu fortuna. Which would have made his 

fortune. 
Coura fatigat de tira. When weary of pulling. 
Voughet lo vompre. He wished to break it. 
Prova se poon embe li man. He tried if he could with his hands. 
Ea embe li den. He tried with his teeth. 
Lo trova troou dur. He found it too hard. \ 

Lo batte entra dona peira. He beat it 'tween two stones, 
Aloura seu courre a mason. Then he ran to a house. 
Per ana piglia un poiron. To go to take a reaping hook. 
Cau foughet la sieu sorpresa. What was his surprise. 
En retournan de non trouva plus ren meme lo cap che avia 

vist flottonea. In returning to find no more nothing even 

the head which he had seen floating. 



THE PRONOUN. 31 

THE PRONOUN. 



THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. 

FIRST PERSON — ieU, I. 

leu, as leu canti, I sing. 

Deieu, of me. 

A ieu, mi, m', to me, as lo rrC ha donate lie gave me it. 

Mi, m', me, as maima tu^ love me. 

Da ieu, from me, as VJia ressut da ieu, he received it from me. 

Nautre, as nautre cantan, we sing. 

De nautre, of us. 

A nautre, nou, nen, n', to us. 

Nautre, nou, nen, n', us. 

Da nautre, as VJia ressut da nautre, lie received it from us. 

SECOND PERSON — tUy tllOU. 



Tu 




Thou 


Detu 




Of thou 


A tu, ti, 


t' 


To thou 


Ti, t' 




Thou 


Datu 




Erom thou 


Vautre 




Ye 


De vautre 


Of ye 


Avautre, 


, vou, v' 


To ye 


Vautre, 


vou, v' 


Ye 


Da vautre 


Erom ye 


THIRD PERSON — eu OY clla, lie or she. 


Iasculine. 


Feminine. 




Eu 


Ella 


He, she 


D'eu 


D'ella 


Of him, of her 


En eu, li 


En ella, li 




Eu, lo, r 


Ella, la, 1' 




Da eu 


Da ella 


Erom him, her 


Ellu 


Elli 


They 


D'ellu 


D'elli 


Of them 


En ellu, li 


En elli, li 




Ellu, lu 


Elli, li 


Them 


Da ellu 


Da elli 


From them 



32 THE PRONOUN. 



OBSERYATIONS. 

All the other demonstrative pronouns belong to this 
third class of personal pronouns ; as acheu^ acheW 
achella, achestOy achesta^ esto, esta. 

2. The pronoun si is sometimes reflective, that is, 
marks that the action of the verb falls upon the person 
himself who acts ; Louis si dona de pena, i.e., Louis 
gives trouble to himself; Louis si lauda (Louis praises 
himself) . 

Sometimes it is indefinite as si di, si pens a, si parla, 
and then it is the same as the French on^ as on dit, si 
di (they say), si parla (they speak), si pensa (they 
think) . 

3. Nen signifies not only a nautre (to us), nautre (us), 
but also d'eu, d'ella (of him, of her), d^ellu^ d^elli (of 
them), d^achella, or d^achelli cauva (of that, or of that 
thing) . 

Nen is the same as the French il nous en, 

4. Nin signifies en eu, en ella^ en ellu, en elli, d'achdla, 
or d^achelli cauva (to him, her, them, of that thing), as 
when we say nin doneri we mean I will give to him, to 
her, to them, of that thing. 

Nin answers to the French Je lui en^ tu lui en, il lui 
en. 

5. Ten means a tu d^achella cauva ; thus ten donet is 
(he gave to thee of that thing) . 

Ten is the French T^en. 

6. Ven means to you of that thing or things ; thus 
Ven doneri is to you of that thing. 

Ven is Vousen, 

7. Sen is used for of that, of that person, of that 
thing, of that place ; thus sen parla means si parla 
d^achella persona or d^achella cauva (they speak of that 
person or that thing). 

Sen partet is partet d^acheu or d^achesto luec (from 
that place.) Sen means also a si memc] thus sen 



THE PRONOUN, 33 

digheron is for digheron a si meme (they spoke to 
himself) . 

8. Li is used for the Italian vi and for the French y 
(there) ^ as li era doui mille persona (there were two 
thousand persons there), leu li eri (I was there). 

9. Ni is used for the Italian ve ne and the French il 
y en, as cantu ni era ? (how many were there ?), ni era 
doui mille (there were two thousand of them there) . 

10. Accb, aissb are two neuter pronouns^ which 
signify achella cauva, achesta cauva (that thing, this 
thing), accb^ assb, answer to the French cela (that), ceci 
(this). 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

Are those which mark the possession or dependence of 
a thing, as lo mieu libre (my book or the book which 
I possess), lo tieu giardin (thy garden), lo sieu mestre 
(his master), or lo mestre souta de cu eu travaiglia, 
i.e., the master under whom he works. 

REMARKS. 

Mieu (mine), tieu (thine), sieu (his), never change 
before a noun, whether it be masculine or feminine, 
singular or plural; thus we say lo mieu libre (my 
book), lu mieu libre (my books), la sieu boutiga (his 
shop), li sieu boutigu (his shops). But when mieu, 
tieu, sieu, are placed after the noun, or when they are 
found alone in the sentence, then in the feminine they 
become mieva, tieva, sieva, and in the plural mievi, iievi, 
sievi ; thus we say Uanima mieva (my soul), De cu son 
achelli pluma? (Whose are these pens?), son mievi, tievi, 
sievi (they are mine, thine, his) . 

2. Mon, ton, son, ma, ta, sa, are only used with a 
singular noun of relationship, dignity, and with master 
and mistress. Mon pere, ma mere, son oncle, sa tanta, 
ton cousin, ta cousina, sa santita, son eccelensa, mon 



84 THE PRONOUN. 

mestre, sa mestressa (my father^ my mother^ his uncle, 
his aunt, thy cousin, thy lady cousin, his holiness, his 
excellency, my master, his mistress). But in the plural 
we use mieUy tieu, sieu, as lu mieu frere (my brothers), 
lu tieu mestre (thy masters), li sieu sorre (his sisters). 

3. Nuostre, vuostre, make in the feminine nuostra, 
vuostra, and in the feminine plural nuostri, vuostri ; as 
Lo nuostre Rei, la nuostra Regina (our King, our 
Queen) ; Lu nuostre Prinse (our Princes) ; Li nuostri 
Princessa (our Princesses). 



THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS 

Are those which have relation with the noun, person, or 
thing, which precedes them ; as when we say L^ome che 
travaglia merita lo salari (the man who works deserves 
his wages) , who (che) is a relative pronoun, relating to 
ome (man) ; again, lo libre che liges esbuon, che is 
another relative pronoun, referring to book (libre) (the 
book which thou readest is good) . 

Ome and libre (man and book) are called the antece- 
dents. 

When the antecedent is a single person or thing, the 
relative pronoun used is che, local (who or which), la 
cala doou cal, de lacala (of the which), de don au cal 
a la cala (to which), che, local, la cala (which), dau cal, 
da la cala, da dou (from which). But when the antece- 
dents are many persons or things, you use che, lu cal, 
li call (which) ; dei cal, de li cali, de don ; ai cal, a li 
call; che, lu cal, li cali; dai cal, da li cali, da dou. 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOtlNS 

In this language are twofold, those of quality, and 
those of quantity; of quality, as cu (who), che (what), 
and cau (what thing) ; of quantity, as cau or cautu 
(how many), as cau or cauta eron au conseu? (how 
many were at the concert ?) 



THE NOUN. 35 

Cu means who is that who^ as cu ha parlat means 
who has spoken ? or who is that who has spoken. 

Che means what thing is that^ as che ares dice, what 
have you s^id ? or what thing is that you have said ? 

Cau is what person or thing is that ? as cau aves visf ? 
what person or thing have you seen ? 



INDEFINITE PEONOUNS 

Are those which signify the person or thing in an 
indefinite manner ; they are — 

1 . Those which are never placed with a noun ; as si 
cooucun, cbuucuna, caussissighe, cadun, caduna, cbou- 
carren, ren (himself, some one^ man^ woman^ any one^ 
each one^ something, anything). 

2. Those which are always joined with a noun ; as 
cbouche, cbouca, cada, certo, certa (some one, some, each 
every> certain, some). 

3. Those which may or not be united with a noun ; 
as degun, deguna, meme, autre, tau, tala, plusiur, tout, 
touta (any, himself, itself, other, such, many every, all) . 

4. Those which are followed by che ; as cussissighe 
che, caussissighe che, tout che, touta che (any one that, 
anything that, all that, every or all that, every one that. 



THE NOUN 



Is either common or proper, singular or plural, mascu- 
line or feminine. 

The common noun is the name of many persons or 
things ; as ome, aubre, majou (man, tree, house) . 

H:\ie proper noun is given to a single person or thing; 
as Adam, Nissa, Lo Var (Adam, Nice, The Var) . 

The number of the noun is only distinguished by the 
article, the noun itself undergoing no change. 



36 THE ARTICLE. 



THE ARTICLE 

Is a word placed before the noun to mark its number 
and gender. It is either definite, as lo, la (the), or 
indefinite, as un, una (a) . 

Un and lo are put before a masculine singular noun, 
as un ome, lo pere. 

Una, la, before a feminine noun singular, as una 
frema (a woman), la mere (the mother). 

Un, una, make de in the plural, as un ome, de ome 
men). 

Lo makes in plural lu, as lo pere, lu pere. 

La in plural is li, as la mere, li mere (the mother, the 
mothers). 

DECLENSION OF A NOUN WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 





MASCULINE NOUNS. 




Lo pere 
Doou pere 
Au pere 
Dau pere 


The father L'aubre 
Of the father De l'aubre 
To the father A l'aubre 
Erom the father Da l'aubre 

PLURAL. 


The tree 
Of the tree 
To the tree 
From the tree 


Lu pere 
Dei pere 
Ai pere 
Dai pere 


The fathers Lu aubre 
Of the fathers Dei aubre 
To the fathers Ai aubre 
From the fathers Dai aubre 

NOUNS FEMININE. 


The trees 
Of the trees 
To the trees 
From the trees 


La fila (a row or file) L'aissa 
De la fila Le l'aissa 
A la fila A l'aissa 
Da la fila Da l'aissa 


The axe 
Of the axe 
Tt3 the axe 
From the axe 




PLURAL. 




Li fila 
De li fila 
A H fila 
Da li fila 


Li aissa 
De li aissa 
A li aissa 
Da li aissa 


The axes 
Of the axes 
To the axes 
From the axes 



THE ARTICLE. 37 



Deou is for De lo 
Dei Be lu 

Au is for A la 
Ai A lu 

JDau is for Ba lo 
Bai Ba lu 



\ Of the 
I To the 
I From the 



DECLENSION OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 

Un, una. 

NOUNS MASCULINE {uu). 

Un marteu (hammer) Un estella (a star) 

D'un marteu D'un estella 

En un marteu En un estella 

Da un marteu Da un estella 

PLURAL. 

De marteu D'estella 

De marteu D'estella 

En de marteu En d'estella 

Da marteu Da estella 

NOUNS FEMININE (una), 

Un'anima (a soul) Una regla (a rule) 

D' un'anima D'una regla 

En un'anima En una regla 

Da un'anima Da una regla 

PLURAL. 

D'anima De regla 

D' un'anima De li regla 

En un'anima En de regla 

Da un'anima Da reo-la 



V.j^X, 



1. To a person or thing you put before it^ as O 
PietrOy O Maria^ mestiey terra (Peter^ Mary^ trade^ 
earth). But to a man, as a common noun^ you say 
Vomey instead of O ome, 

2. When there are two nouns which do the action 
indicated by the verb, the verb is put in the plural, as 
Lo mestre e lo garson travaigliavon (the master and the 
boy worked) . 



38 THE ADJECTIVE. 



THE ADJECTIVE 

Is a word which added to the noun expresses the quality 
of the person or thing which that noun expresses, as 
buon pere, buona mere, beu giardin, bella campagna, 
buon buona, beu bella, are adjectives ; they express the 
quality of the noun, as good father, good mother, good 
garden, beautiful country. 

Gender, number, and degree, are considered in the 
adjective. 

The gender of the adjective is always marked by the 
last letter, as buon, buona. 

HOW TO FORM THE FEMININE OF THE ADJECTIVE. 

General Rule. 

When the masculine adjective ends in e, you change 
e into a, as sensible, sensibla (sensible), agreable, agre- 
abla, aimable, aimabla. 

When the masculine adjective does not end in e, you 
add a to form the feminine ; as buon, buona ; prudent, 
prudent a ; gran, granda (great) ; sant, santa (holy). 
The exceptions are as follows : — 
1. The adjective lone (long) makes longa, 
3. The adjectives ending in t change it into da, as 
fenit,fenida (finished) ; benedit, benidida (blessed) ; but 
net makes neta; plat, plata, 

3. Adjectives ending in ur make the feminine in 
usa, as trompur, trompusa (deceitful) ; but "pur makes 
pur a (pure) ; madur, madura (ripe) ; segur (secure), 
segura (safe) . \ 

4. Adjectives in ous make oua, as dangerous, dan- 
geroua ; urous, uroua (happy) ; but dous (sweet) makes 
doussa ; roussa is feminine from 7'ous. 

5. Adjectives in tour make irissa, sls peccatour (sin- 
ner), peccatrissa ; protettour, protettrissa (protector) ; 
but superiour makes superioura. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 39 

6. The most of the adjectives ending in I, s, double 
those letters ; thus crudel, crudella (cruel) ; gras, grassa 
(fat) ; gros, grossa ; beu and nouveu make bella and 
novella (fair^ new) ; because in the masculine, when 
followed by a vowel^ we say bel ome, nouvel abit (fine 
man^ new coat) . 

HOW TO FORM THE PLURAL. 

The masculine adjective does not change in the plural^ 
except buon (good) which makes buoi, beu, bei, piccion 
(little), piccioui. 

The feminine adjective changes a into i, as buona, 
buoni; blanca (white), blanchi; grossa, grossi; urous, 
uroui. 

COMPARISON. 

Three degrees of comparison — positive, comparative, 
superlative. 

The positive is the adjective itself, as buon, beu (good, 
fair) . 

The comparative comparing two things together, one 
must be equal to, more than, or less than the other. 

Comparison of equality is marked by aussi, autan, 
tan, before the adjective, as la violet la es autan bella che 
la rosa (the violet is as fair as the rose) . 

Comparison of superiority is marked by plus before 
the adjective, as la violetta es plus bella che la rosa (the 
violet is more fair than the rose). 

Comparison of inferiority is marked by putting men 
or manco before the adjective, as la rosa es men bella 
che la violetta (the rose is less fair than the violet) . 
*;^^"There are two articles which express comparison 
simply, or form the comparative only — migliou (better), 
same rs plus bon (more good), aiiApegiou (worse), same 
as plus marrit (more bad) . In this tongue you can use 
both equivalents — mendre in place oi plus piccion \s> only 
used when speaking of age. 



40 THE ADJECTIVE. ' 

The superlative, which expresses the quality in the 
highest degree, is formed in two ways — 

1. As in Italian by adding issimo^ issima, as bellissimo, 
bellissima (fairest) ; santissimOy santissima (holiest) ; 
grandissimo, grandissima (greatest) . 

2. By putting lo plus, la plus before the positive, as 
lo plus beu (the fairest); la plus bella (the fairest); lo plus 
sant, la plus santa (most holy) ; lo plus gran, la plus 
grana (grandest). 

There are in this language, nouns and adjectives 
which, by changing their termination, increase or lessen 
their meaning. 

You increase the meaning by ending the masculine in 
as, as un omenas (a big man), un cavalas (a large horse), 
un ignorant as (an ignorant fellow). 

You increase the meaning by ending the feminine in 
assa, as una fremenassa (a large woman), una ignoran- 
tassa (a very ignorant woman) . This augmentation is 
used ordinarily in contempt. 

You diminish the meaning by ending the masculine 
in et and the feminine in etta, as un omenet (a little man), 
un libret (a little book), and santet, granet, picciounet ; 
feminine as una fremenetta (a little woman), una bar- 
chetta (a small bark) (or boat), granetta, santetta, 
picciounetta, 

1. When an adjective relates to two singular nouns, 
it is put in the plural, as lo mestre e Vouvrie son buoi (the 
master and workmen are good ones). 

2. When the two nouns are of different genders, the 
adjective should be masculine, as la mere't^ Venfan son 
bei (the mother and child are handsome, fair). 

3. The adjective gran, grana, when it is placed before 
a feminine noun becomes or is left gran, and not grana, 
as la gran puorta, la plus gran part (the great gate, the 
greatest part) . We thus sacrifice the rule to the ear. 

4. The adjective should agree in gender and number 



iJ 



THE PARTICIPLE. — THE ADVERB. 41 

with its noun^ as lo buon pere, la buona mere, lu bei 
giardin (the fine gardens) ; li belli flou (the fine flowers) ; 
buon is singular masculine, to agree with pere ; buona, 
feminine singular, to agree with mere ; bei is masculine 
plural; belli, feminine plural, to agree with their nouns. 

5. Remember always that the noun never changes in 
the plural, and is only distinguished by the article. 

6. As regards the place of the adjective there is no 
fixed rule, there are some which you put before the 
noun, as beu giardin (fine garden), buon antis, and 
others which are placed after the noun, as majon grana 
(great house), taula ronda (round table), etc. To 
express a man of merit, you should always put gran 
before ome, as gran ome is a great man, and sagia before 
frema to mean a leveiris (sage femme) (midwife) . 



THE PARTICIPLE 



Though part of the verb is treated as an adjective, as 
coming from the verb, it preserves its force and mean- 
ing, as aimant DIEU (loviug GOD), airnat da DIEU 
(loved of GOD). It is treated as an adjective, as 
marking the quality of a person or thing, as ofne aimant 
(a loving man), virtit prouvada (tried virtue) , our a sonada 
(hour struck). 



THE ADVERB 



Is joined generally to the verb or adjective to deteriuine 
its.*signification, as achelF eufan parla distintamen (that 
child speaks distinctly), achelV ouvrie gagna touplen 
(that workman earns much) . Distintamen and touplen 
are adverbs, as expressing the manner and the quantity. 



42 


THE ADVERB. 






ADVERBS { 


3F ORDER. 






Premieramen 


Firstly 






Segondamen 


Secondly 






Davan 


Before 






Apres 


After 






Ensuita 


Afterwards, then 




OF PLACE. 




Asssi 


Here 


Pubro 


Without 


Don 


Where 


Damon 




Aiglia 


There 


Davan 


Before 


Dela 


Over, beyond 


Dessa 


Upon, over, above 


Soubre 


Over, upon 


Luen 


Far off, afar 


Souta 


Under 


Proce 


Near. 


Dintre 


Within 








OF 1 


^IME. 




ler 


Testerday 


Tougiou 


Always 


Deman 


To-morrow 


Giamai 


Never 


Subito 


f Immediately 
\ Suddenly 


Davantie 


Before 


Autrifes 


Another time 


Yite 
Souven 


Quickly 
Often 


Passademari 


jPast 

J To-morrow 




OF QU. 


ENTITY. 




Touplen 


Much 


Autan 


As 


Pbou 


Little 


Aussi 


As 


Asses 


Sufficient 


Pron 


Some, more, any 


Plus 


More 


Trbou 


CToo much, too 
( many 


Men 


Less 




Mai 


More 







ADVERBS OF MANNER. 

All the adjectives /67?2mme are formed thus, as longa- 
men (longly), largamen (largely), agreablamen (lagre- 
ably), modestamen {modesty) , rar amen (rarely). 

There are also masculine adje ctives which may serve 
as adverbs, as fuort, haut, plan (strong, high, slow), 
parla plan (to speak slow). 



THE PREPOSITION. 43 

THE PREPOSITION 

Or ^^ mes davan,^^ that " put before^^ the noun, serves to 
connect the following noun or pronoun with the pre- 
ceding one, as in la lus dobu soleu (the light of the 
sun). Dbou^ here is the preposition. 

PREPOSITIONS OF ORDER. 

Davan (before) I ^^ ^^^Tf \^^ "' ^'^S^^^ ^^''^^ ^^"^"^ 

^ ^ ( courne> 

Da (from) Ba Nissa a Turin.^ 

Despi (since) Despi de Tan passat^ 

Entra, tra (among, betwen) 

OF SEPARATION. 

Eccetto (except) Perdre tout eccetto Tonour.* 

Sensa (without) Mestre sejisa garson.^ 

Fuora (unless) Faire de tout fuora doou mau.^ 

OF OPPOSITION. 

Contra (against) Ana coyitra lo vent.7 

Maugra (in spite of) Es partit maugm ieu.^ 

odant 



Tsj , , / 1. 'i\. L J- N fLha vou^ut fane non odani 

JNon ostant (not withstand mo:) \ ^ -i • • j q 

^ ^^ (^ 1^ proibission de son pere.^ 

TO MARK REASON WHY. 

^r. , /. i^ f Lo courrie non espartit vid lo 

Yist (m consequence of) K . , m 

^ ^ ^ ( marri temp/" 

OF UNION. I 

Embe (with) Mangia emV ei sieu amic.^^ 

Oltre (besides) Li era sincanta fenestra oltre li puorta.^^ 

1 The news arrived lefore the courier. 

2 From Nice to Turin. 
2 Since the past year. 

* To lose all except honour. 

^ Master without man. 

^ To do everything unless evil. 

7 To go against the wind. 

s He set out in spite of me. 

^ He would do it notwithstanding his father's prohibition. 
^^ The courier is not set out in consequence of the bad weather. 
1^ To eat with his friend. 
^^ There were fifty windows besides the doors. 



44 THE CONJUNCTION. 

Segon, selon, suivan (according to, conformably to, vvitli). 
Travaiglia suivan li regla (to work according to the rules). 
Ana selon lo vent (to go with the wind). 
Vieure segon 11 lei (to live according to the laws). 

OF PLACE. 

A (at, to, to the) as Vieure a Nissa (to live at Nice) ; ana a 

Genova (to go to Genoa) ; attacca a la muraiglia (to hang to 

the wall). 
Apres (after), anerai apres de vou (I will go after you). 
Davan (before), marcia davan dbou regimen (to march before the 

regiment). 
Darrie (after^ behind), lu varlet van darrie desou mestre (the 

servants go behind their masters). 
De (from), sourti de la villa (to come Q\)Xfrom the city). 
Dintre (within, inside), passegia dintre d'un giardin (to walk 

within a garden). 
Dau, da lo, da la (from the), acheu libre es dau libraire (that 

book is from the shop). 
En (in), Vieure en Piemont (to live in Piedmont). 
Entra, tra (among), acheu capitani foughet trouvat entra or tra 

lu muort (that captain was found among the dead). 
Soubre, su, era assettat souhre d'un aubre (he was seated upon a 

tree) ; avia lo capen su la testa (he had the cap on the head.) 
Souta (under), mettre un tapis souta lu peu (to put a carpet 

under the feet) ; tout sench' es souta lo siel (all that is under 

heaven). 
Ver (towards), la proua anada ver la terra (the prow went 

towards land). 

TO MARK END OR PURPOSE. 

Enver (towards), caritable erwer lu paure (charitable to the poor). 
Su (upon, or of), m'ha escrice su d'achest' affaire (he has written 

of that matter). 
Per (for), estudia per empara (to study to learn) ; Hravaiglia per 

lo ben publico (to work /or the public good). 



THE CONJUNCTION 

Serves to join words and sentences together, as blanc 
negre (black or white) ; Pietro si ri anguei, ma si 



THE CONJUNCTION. 45 

plourera deman (Peter laughs to-day^ but will cry to- 
morrow. Or and but are conjunctions. 

CONJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

E (and), aussi (also), oltreche (besides that), Deplus (more- 
over), doouresta (but), encara (yet, withal), coma (as), ni (nor), 
che (than, as), tamben (also, likewise, as well) {Spanish). 

OF OPPOSITION. 

Ma (but), sepandan (nevertheless), pura (albeit), eppura (yet, 
nevertheless). 

OF EXCEPTIONS. 

Quache (although), senon (if not). 

OF COMPARISON. 

Coma (as), de la meme maniera che (in the same manner as). 

OF TIME. 

Coura (when), enta chen (as long as). 

CONDITIONAL. 

En cas che (in case that), suppost che (suppose that), se (if). 

OF DIVISION. 

0, ben, pura, sighe (Oh ! well 1 however ! it may be). 

TO GIVE A REASON WHY. 

Car, perche, de face, sicoma, puische (for, because, as, since). 

TO MARK INTENTION. 

A finche, de poouche (in order that). 

OF CONCLUSION. 

Or, donca, ensin, de manier a che, de sorta che (^now, then 
since, thus, so that). 

The conjunction che is the one most often used^ and 
is distinguished from the relative pronoun che by this 
fact^ that you never change che conjunction for lo cal, 
la cola (the^ which) . 

In joy, grief, &c., we express the sentiments of our 
mind by the 



46 THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 

INTERJECTION. 

In joy we use Ah ! Ben I (Well). 

In grief, AM / Ohi ! Out ! (Alas !) 

When admiring, we say Bravo ! Oh ! 

When in terror, Ah I Oh ! 

To encourage, we say Courage I Anen I 

To terrify, m / Vail 

To call, Hei ! Oou / (Hilloa ! Ho !) 

To command silence, Ciuto ! Sciut / 



ON THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 

Syntax is the rightly placing and connecting the 
words of a sentence. It is divided into the syntax of 
concordance and the syntax of government or regime. 
The first is when the parts of speech agree with one 
another, as the noun with the adjective, and the nomi- 
native with its verb. The second is when one word 
governs another. 

SYNTAX OF CONCORDANCE. 

1. Every verb not in the infinitive, agrees with its 
noun and pronoun in gender and number, as thus — Eu 
park (he speaks), ellu parlon (they speak), lu enfan 
parlon (the children speak) . 

2. When the subject is one of those words, la plus 
part (the most part), touplen (much, many), la plus gran 
part (the greatest part), is is more graceful to put the 
verb in the plural, as la plus gran part eron d^estrangie 
(the greatest part were strangers) . 

3. Should the subject pronouns be of difierent 
persons, the verb takes the most noble; the first is 
more^noble than the second person, and that than the 
third. All nouns are of the third person. Example — 
Tu e leu ligen (Thou and I read), Tu e ton frere 
travaiglias (you and your brother work). 



THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 47 

4. Although the Provenfal^ like the Latin^ omits 
usually the personal pronoun before the verb, we should 
never omit it when there are in the sentence two verbs 
which mark opposition, as Tu ti ries, e ieu mi plouri, 
(You laugh and I weep), Eu giuega, e ieu travaigli (he 
plays and I work) . 

SYNTAX OF REGIME. 

The active verb is that after which you may put 
somebody or something, as aima cooucun, aima cooucar- 
ren, cooucun and cooucarren are the accusatives of the 
verb. The accusative, when not a pronoun, is always 
placed after the verb, as Ieu aimi DIEU (I love GOD) . 
When it is a pronoun it is usually put before the verb, 
as Ieu faimi (I love thee) for Ieu aimi tu, nautre 
Vaiman (we love him) for nautre aiman eu. 

Some active verbs may have a second form, which is 
the dative or ablative. This second form is marked by 
the preposition a, de, da, as dona un libre a Venfan (to 
give a look to the boy) ; escrieure una lettra au sieu 
amic (to write a letter to his friend) ; accusa cooucun de 
furt (to accuse some one of theft) ; libera cooucun de la 
muort (to free some one from death) ; a Venfan^ an sieu 
amic, de furt, de la muort, are the datives and ablatives. 

REGIME OF PASSIVE VERBS. 

There is a way of making every active verb passive, 
which demands notice. Thus Ieu aimi mon pere (active) 
(I love my father) becomes passive, thus^ — Mon pere es 
aimat da Ieu (my father is loved of me). You take as 
your passive nominative your active direct accusative 
and for you passive accusative you take your active 
nominative, which you join to the verb with the prepo- 
sitions da, da V, dau, dai, da la, da li, Dieu castighera 
lu marrit is lu marrjt seran castigat da Dieu (God will 
chastise the wicked, forms, The wicked will be chastised 
by GOD). 



48 THE PROTENCAL SYNTAX. 

NEUTER VERBS 

Have also some of them a dative and ablative^ known 
by its being connected with them by a or de^ as lo pais 
de Nissa conven ai estrangie (the country of Nice suits 
strangers) ; li nuostri campagna abondon d^oli (our fields 
abound with oil) ; lo travaigl plas a Vome sage (labour is 
pleasant to the wise man), 

REFLECTED VERBS. 

Miy tiy si, vou, which are the accusatives of the 
reflected verbj=' sometimes are accusatives, as nautre si 
laudan (we praise ourselves) ; tu ti blesses (thou hurtest 
thyself) ; and sometimes they are the dative, as leu mi 
fau una lei, i.e., leu fau una lei a leu (I make a law to 
I) ; eu s'es donat de pena, i.e., ha donat de pena a si 
meme (he himself has given trouble, he has given trouble 
to himself) . 

A noun may be governed by two verbs or by two 
adjectives, provided that they are not under different 
cases. Thus we may say achelFome es util e car a la 
sieu famiglia (that man is useful and dear to his family); 
but we cannot say achelFome es util e content de la 
sieu famiglia (that man is nseful and content with his 
family) or (of the his family) ; because you cannot say 
useful of his family. 

There are single prepositions joining the noun, as lo 
libre de Pietro (the work of Peter) ; Famour enver Dieu 
(love towards GOD) ; and there are others which require 
de, as davan de la Puorta, Dintre de majon (before the 
door, within the house). ^ 

ON THE REGIME OF ADJECTIVES.^ 

There are some adjectives which require e, others which 
demand a or eu joined to the succeeding noun, which 
they call the government of the adjective. 

Example — Digne de recompensa, content de mouri, 
avantagious en ellu, semblable a son pere, beu a veire, util 



THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 49 

a'Pome^ avido doou travaigl; (worthy of recompense, 
content to die^ like to his father, fain to see^ useful to 
man, eager of work). 

In these sentences the substantives are the governed 
of the adjectives. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

The following conjunctions govern the substantive 
mood, those of desire or doubt ; as sighe che, sensa che, 
se non es che, quache^ giuscKa tan che, encara che, a 
manco che, suppost che, pourvuche, de poou che, afin 
che, 

Sighe che venghesse (would that he came). 

Quache ieu travaigliessi (though I should have worked). 

Pourvue che preghes (provided thou pray est). 

Giusc'a tan che eupreghesse (until as soon as he prays). 

Afin che parlesses (that thou should speak). 

Encara che non arrivesse (yet that he should not arrive). 

Suppost che man chessias (suppose you should fail). 

Sensa che fousse vengut (unless that he had come). 

ON THE PRONOUNS. 

1. Vou used for the word tu (thou or you) makes its 
verbH plural, but the following participle or adjective 
should be singular — La mieu figlia vou seres estima da 
si sies sagia (my daughter you will be esteemed if you 
are wise). 

2. Lo, la, lu, li, when before a noun, are articles, as lo 
kei (the king), li prinsessa (the princesses) ; and when 
before a verb they are pronouns, as leu lo conoissi (I 
know it), nautre li aiman (we love them). 

3. The pronoun lo has neither gender nor number 
when it is used as an adjective. Thus if we say to a 
lady — Madame sies malauta? she should say^ Oui, lo 
sieu, and not la sieu, because lo refers to the adjective 
malauta. 

4. After an indefinite subject only, is si meme used, 
as after cadun, si, degun, non. 



50 THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 

Non si deu giamai parla de si meme (one should never speak of 

himself). 
Cadun aima si meme (every one loves himself). 
Non aima che si meme es un vissi (to love only oneself is a vice). 

5. Achesto, achesta, serve to mark a person or thing 
near to him who speaks or which is last spoken of. 

Acheu or acheir^ achella, denotes a person or thing 
more remote, or which is spoken of in the first instance. 

Lu doui filosofo Eraclito e Democrito eron d'un carattere tout- 
a-fet different; acliesto si riia tougion, acheu tougiou si 
plourava; (the two philosophers Eraclitus and Demoeritus 
were of a character entirely different; this one always 
laughed, that always wept). 

Achesto (this), achel? (that). 

Jchesf aubre es un orangie, acheu (or achelV) autre es un 
sitronie (this tree is an orange, that is a citron). 

THE PARTICIPLE. 

1. When with the auxiliary verb estre (to be), the 
past participles, such as finite rendut, etc., follow the 
rule of the adjective. 

Mon frere es estat castigat. 

Lu mieu frere son estat castigat. 

Ma sorre es estada castigada. 

Li mieu sorre son estadi castigada. 

My brother has been "l 

My brothers have been y * he 1 
My sister has been (^ 

My sisters have been J 

2. "When with the auxiliary ave (to have)) then they 
never change, as 

Mon pere ha ressut 

Ma mere ha ressut i i , , 

T • p V 1 i. \ una lettra. 

Lu mieu irere ban ressut 

Li mieu sorre han ressut 
My father, mother, brothers, listers have received a letter. 



THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 51 

The exception to this general rule is when there are 
the demonstrative pronouns la li, before the verb ave, 
you should say — 

La lettra che ton frere ha ressut Thai legida. 
The letter which thy brother has received I have read. 
The plural, also, as in the foregoing examples — 
Li lettra che li avii prestut U m'ha rendudi. 
The letters which I had lent them they have restored to me. 



END OF PART I. 



MODEM PEOYENCAL LANGUAGE. 



PAET IL 

VOCABULVIIY OF IMPOETANT WORDS. 



KELIGIOUS 

GOD, BlOU, 

The Lord JESUS CHRIST, Lo 

Seignour JESUS CHRIST. 
The HOLY SPIRIT, Lo 

SANT ESPRIT. 
The CREATOR, Lo CREA- 

TOUR, 
The SAVIOUR, Lo SAU- 

ruR. 

The COMFORTER, Lo 
COUNSOULATOUR. 

The Gospel, Vevangilo. 

The Bible, Bibla. 

The Eucharist, eucharistia. 

Baptism, baptemo. 

Heaven, Ciel, 

Hell, Enfer. 

An angel, angi. 

Angelical, ayigelique, ica. 

The blessed in Heaven, hen- 

hurous^ ben-Jiurousa. 
A soul, ama. 
A ransom, ranqoun. 
A sacrifice, sacrifici. 
Faith, /^. 
Hope, esperanqa. 
Love, amour. 
Sin, peccat. 
Sinner, peccadour. 
An offering for, offranda per. 



TERMS. 

Sole, only, soulet, souleta, 

unique^ ica. 
Well loved, ben-aimat. 
Atonement, propiciation. 
To believe, croire. 
To v^ash away, esfaqar, neie- 

gear. 
Washed away, esfagat, esfacada^ 

netegeal^ ada. 
To wash, lavar^ lavar se. 
A prayer, priera, preguiera. 
The blood, lo sang. 
Clean, white, blanc, blonca. 
Sanctification, sanctification. 
To make holy, sanctijiar. 
Cross, c7'ous. 

Made holy, sanctifiat, ada. 
Making holy, sanctifiant^ anta. 
To pardon, pardomiar. 
Pardoned, pardonnat^ ada. 
Nature, natura. 
Holiness, santetat. 
Spiritual, 'ally ; espirituel, ela. 
To bless, benesir. 
Blessed, benesit, ida. 
Peace, pax. 

Good Christian, bon chrestian. 
Protestant, proutestant, 'anta. 
Protestantism, pi^outestaniism. 
Belief, crouyauca. 



54 



VOCABULARY. 



DEVOTIONAL TERMS, ETC. 



Innocence, innoucenqa. 
Innocent, innoucent. 
Very innocent, innoucentas. 
Justified, justifiat^ ada. 
To justify, justifiar. 
Justice, justiqa. 
Justification, justification. 
Huguenot, Jmganaud^ aiida, 
Calvinist, calvinisto. 
Lutheran, lutkerien, ^ena, 
Calvinism, calvinisine. 
Catechism, catecMsme, 



Catechist, catechisto. 
To catechise, catecJiisar. 
A preacher, predicatour. 
Sermon, sermoun. 
Theologian, theologien. 
Theology, theologia. 
Only son, fils unique. 
Eedeemek, redemptour. 
Salvation, salut, felicitat 

eternel. 
Acts of Apostles, Ades deis 

Apotros. 



or ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS. 



An apostle, apotro. 
Prophet, propJieto. 
Prophecy, prophetia. 
Evangelist, evangelisto. 
Pastor, pastour. 
Church, eglisa. 
Bishop, evesque. 
Priest, capelan, preire. 



Deacon, diacre, 
Deaconate, diacounat. 
Scripture reader, colportur. 
Christmas, Calendas^ Nouvel. 
Easter, Pascas, 
Lent, Caresma. 
Carnival, carnaval. 



THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. 



January, Janvier, 
Eebruary, Fevrier, 
March, Mars. 
April, Abriou. 
May, Mai. 
June, Jun. 



July, JuilJiet. 
August, Aoust, Oust. 
September, Septembre. 
October, Octobre. 
November, Novembre. 
December, Decembre. 



THE DAYS OE THE WEEK. 



Monday, Diluns. 
Tuesday, Dimars. 
Wednesday, JDimecres, 
Thursday, Bijoous. 

Passport, passa-port. 
To viser a, visar. 



Friday, Divendre^ 
Saturday, Dissato. 
Sunday, Dimenche^ Sabbat. 



ON THE ROAD. 

Victuals, los vioures. 
A hackney coach, fiacre. 



VOCABULARY. 



55 



ON THE EOAD — {continued). 



A carriage, voitura. 
Wheel, roda. 
Storm, auragi. 
Stormy, aurageous, ousa. 
Tempest, tempesta. 
Tempestuous, tempestuous^ ousa. 
A fog, broulhardy nehla. 
Dew, roMsada. 

THE FOUR 

Spring, prima, printems. 

Summer, estiou. 

Autumn, autoun. 

Winter, hivern. 

To pass the winter, Mvernar, 

To ripen in autumn, autounar. 



Thunder, iron. 

Lightning, eslious. 

Map book, routier. 

A lacquey, laccai, 

Suberb of a town, bourgada. 

A fioxm, flour in. 

A franc, franc, 

A rock, roc^ roca, rocas. 



SEASONS, ETC. 

A summer's sojourn, or a 

summer's work, estivalha. 
To pass the summer, estivar. 
The latter part of autumn, 
estiou de JSt, Martin,^ 



DIVISIONS OF TIME. 



Day, jour. 
Night, nuech. 
All the night, nuecliada. 
Noon, miejour. 
Midnight, miegea-nuech. 
Morning, matin. 
Evening, sera. 
Dawn, aula. 
To-day, liui, enqyUhui. 
Yesterday, hier. 
To-morrow, deman, 



An hour, Mr. 

Half an hour, demi-Jiur. 

Minute, minuta. 

Moment, moument. 

Week, semana. 

Month, mes. 

Space of a month, mesada. 

Year, an. 

Age, siecle. 

Eternity, eternitat. 



Sun, souleou. 
Moon, luna. 
Comet, cometa. 
Stars, estellas. 



CELESTIAL OBJECTS. 



Shooting stars, estellas que 

toumhoun. 
Planet, planeta. 
Pole star, estella poularia. 



* In French L'Ete de St. Martin, extending from All Saints' day to 
Martinmas. 



56 



VOCABULARY. 



The sight, vista. 
Hearing, ausida. 
Smell, ooudorat. 
Taste, goust. 



THE FIVE SENSES, ETC. 



Touch, lo toccar. 

To touch lightly, raspagnar. 

To touch, toccar r 



PARTS OF THE BODY. 



Body, corps. 

Head, testa. 

Face, cisagi. 

Forehead, front. 

Eye, huelh. 

Eyebrows, seilhas. 

Eyelid, parpela. 

Nose, nas. 

Little nose, nasoun. 

Nostrils, narra. 

Cheek, gant. 

Lip, houca, labra. 

Mouth, houca^ houcha. 

Tooth, dent. 

To examine the teeth, dentar. 

Arm, bras. 

Elbow, coude. 



Wrist, pougnet. 

The hand, man. 

Hot hand, man cauda. 

Finger, det. 

Thumb, pouce. 

Joint, jointura. 

Nail, oungla. 

Fist, poung-pugn. 

Stomach, estoumac^ ventre. 

Back, dos, 

Eib, casta. 

Back bone, rasteou. 

Knee, ginoulh. 

Leg, camba. 

Foot, ped. 

Heel, taloun. 



INTERNAL PARTS OF THE BODY. 



Bone, OS, 

Marrow, meoulha. 

Flesh, caim. 

Fat, graissa. 

Blood, sang. 

Vein, vena, veneta, venassa. 

Artery, artera. 

Pores, poros. 

Nerve, nerf nervi. 

Muscle, muscle, 

iVLuscular, musclat, ada. 

Brain, cervel, cerveau. 



Entrails, entralhas. 

Heart, cor, couer. 

Lung, pooumoun. 

Liver, fege. 

Gale, feou. 

Bladder, bouffigh. 

Milk, lacJi, 

Stomach, estoumac. 

Weak stomach, estoumagoun. 

Hair on body, peou, pel. 

Hair of head, clieou. 

Head of hair, chevelura. 



VOCABULARY. 



57 



PARTS OF THE BODY, ETC., SPIEIT, ETC. 



Ancle bone, cavilha. 
The mind, esprit. 
The will, voulountat. 
The reason, rasoun, resoun. 
Memory, mQmori^ memoir a. 



Knowledge, conneiBsenqa, 
Love, amo2ir. 
Hatred, odi, 
Joy, joya, Joi, gaud. 
Fear, petega^ paour. 



CONCERNING FOOD, ETC. (LIQUIDS.) 



Tea, the. 

Coffee, caffe. 

Chocolate, cJiocolat, 

Tea pot, tlieiere. 

Cup, tassa. 

Little cup, tasseta. 

Large cup, tassassa. 

Milk, lack. 

Asses' milk, lacJi de sauma. 

Lime milk, lacJi de caus. 

Snow water, aigua neou. 

Bad water, aiguassa. 

Mineral waters, aigtias caudas. 

Rain water, aigua de pluia. 

Hot water, aigua cauda. 

Hot, caud, Cauda, 

GoXdiy f red, fredda. 

Beer, hierra. 



Cream, crema^ craina. 

Cow's cream, hurada 

Oil, oli. 

To oil, oliar. 

Claret, vin claret. 

Vinegar, vinaigre. 

Wine, vin, 

Eau de vie, aiguardent, 

A small sup of wine, chiquet. 

Water, aigua. 

Sauce, saussa. 

Soup, soupa. 

Pea Soui[i, paoutilha. 

Bad Soup, bouriaca. 

Drinking, lo heoure. 

To drink, heoure. 

Thirst, set. 



SPICES, ETC. 



Sugar, Sucre, 
Brown sugar, cassounada. 
Pepper, pebre. 
Ginger, gingimbre. 
Cloves, claveou de girojie. 
Cinnamon, canela. 
Mace, macis. 
Saffron, sa/ran. 
Liquorice, regalissi. 
Sweetmeats, counjitura. 
The dessert, dessert. 



Sugar plums, drageya. 

Quince conserve, coudounat 

Cyder, cidre. 

The dregs, grea, crapa. 

Dregs of oil, cacassa. 

Dear wine, vinet. 

Wine merchant, vinachier. 

Mushrooms, cliampignoun, 

A fritter, bigneta. 

Capers, capra, tapena. 

Leaven, levam. 



58 



VOCABULARY. 



OF FOOD 



Meat, vianda. 

Hunger ^<dXQ.^,fam^fam canina. 

Fish a la Proven9al, houlha- 



Beef, huou. 

Veal, vedeou, vedel^ vedelet. 

Meat sans bone, poupa falhit. 

Meats, viandalha. 

Lean meat, carnifalha. 

Honey, miou. 

Marmalade, marmelada, ^ 

Jam, counserva, 

A slice, roundela. 

Bacon, bacoun. 

Toast, roustida. 

Sausage, saucissa. 

Fat, lard. 

Ham, jamhoun. 

Leg of mutton, gigot, 

A pudding, houdin. 

Macaroni, macarroni, 

Vermichelli, vermichelis. 

Cheese, froumagi. 

Fillet of veal, rougnounada. 

To eat, mangear. 



(solids). 

Dry cheese of curds, escaras- 

soun. 
Salt meat, carsalada, 
Eagout of snails, cacalamada. 
Meal, farina. 
Meal box, enfarinadouira. 
Coarse meal, boulen. 
Food, nourrilura. 
Provisions, ^r(5«<z?m(?w. 
Victuals, los vioures. 
Fresh pork, porquet. 
Pie, pastis. 
Tart, tourta. 
Lamb, agnel, agneou. 
Venison, venesoun. 
Boiled meat, bouiUiit, 
Bread, pan. 

White bread, boula de neigea. 
Heavy bread, moulegous, 
A roll, panoun. 
Egg, uou. 
Clear egg, blatier. 
Omelette, meleta. 
Butter, buri. 
Cutlet, costeleta. 



VEGETABLES ETC. 



Potato, trufa. 
Carrot, carrota. 
Asparagus, aspergea. 
Parsnip, pastenarga. 
Peas, pese, pese gourmand. 
Cabbage, caulet, pan blanc^ 

caulat. 
Beet, bleta-ruba. 
Eadish, rave. 
Artichoke, artichau. 
Lettuce, lachuga. 
Spinage, espinarc. 



Salad, salada. 

Salad of fine herbs, merindola. 
A little salad, saladeta. 
Green salad, doiiceta. 
Salad dish, salatiier. 
Mustard, moustarda. 
Jerusalem artichoke, pastis- 

soun. 
Thyme, falignoida. 
Broccoli, broccoli. 
Onion, ceba. 
Small onion, cebeta. 



VOCABULARY. 



59 



OF FOOD. 



Fruit, friicJia, fruit. 
Chestnut, cadagna. 
Roast chestnut, affachaJd. 
Gather of chestnuts, castag- 

nairis. 
Season of chestnuts, leis castag' 

nadas. 
Soup of chestnuts, hajanat. 
Beating of chestnuts, pisadas. 
Beater of chestnuts, pisaire. 
To beat chestnuts, pisar. 



To skin roast chestnuts, affa- 

cJiar, 
Chestnut wood, Castanet. 
Chestnut tree, castagnier. 
Branch of a chestnut, brou- 

guieira. 
Easter omelette, pascada. 
Meal and fat omelette, couineou. 
Chicken, poulet. 
Pullet, pouleta. 



TOOLS, 

A large plane, varlopa. 

A saw, serra. 

Small saw, serretouna. 

Sawn, serrat, serrada. 

Hammer, marteou, martel. 

Gimlet, gimhelet. 

Piercing, percayd, anta. 

Pincers, estenalhas. 

To use a pincers, estenalliar. 



INSTRUMENTS. 

Axe, aissa, destrau. 
Small axe, destraloun. 
Two handed axe, destrau. 
Kule, regla. 
Compas, coumpas. 
A measure, mesura. 
To measure, mestirar. 
Forceps, forceps. 
To pierce, traucar. 



HOUSEHOLD NECESSARIES. 



The tongs, pincetas. 
Snuffers, mouclietas. 
Salt cellar, sellier. 
Napkin, servieta. 
Table, tanla. 
Large table, taulassa. 
Small table, taiileta. 
Table cloth, nappa. 
Candles, candelas. 
Fire screen, ecrayi. 
Glass, veire. 
Ladder, escala. 
Basin, basin. 
Poker, fourgoun. 
To poke, fourgounar. 



Wardrobe, placard. 
Cupboard, buffet. 
Shovel, pala. 
To shovel, palar. 
A plate, sieta, assieta. 
Cup, tassa, copa, coupa. 
Bellows, suffiet^ bouffet. 
Smith's bellows, baugeas. 
Spade, lichet. 
Eake, rasteou. 
Sheets, d7'ap, drapilJia. 
Blankets, couvertura. 
Quilt, coubertoun. 
Pillow, aurelhier. 
Bolster, testiera. 



60 



VOCABULARY. 



HOUSEHOLD NECES 

Mattrass, saumier. 

Key hole, clmiera. 

Backyard, reire-cour. 

Chimney, cTiamineta. 

A well, poMS, 

Stable, estable. 

The stud in a stable, estahlada. 

A lock, sarralha. 

Towel, servieta. 

Brush, b7'ossa. 

Cask, pipot, touneon. 

To lock, serrar. 

Cow house, vachiera. 

Pleasure garden, plesenqa. 



SAEiES — (continued). 

Arm chair, fautuelh. 
Sofa, sofa. 
Chair, cadiera, 
A kettle, peiroou, peiroulet. 
Kettle full, peiroulada, 
A great kettle, peirola, 
A copper, cliaudiera. 
Shoe horn, caussa-ped. 
Chocolate mill, frisadour. 
Bed furniture, courtinagi. 
Gazette, Gazetta. 
Baking pan, tourtiera. 
Kubber, dish cloth, tourchoun, 
patarassoun. 



NAMES OF TREES, PLANTS, ETC. 



Locust bean tree, carroubier. 
Locust bean, carroubL 
Orange, arangi, ourangi. 
Almond tree, amendier. 
A bitter almond, amenda 

amara, 
A sweet almond, amenda 

douca. 
Orange tree, arangier. 
Orangery, arangearia. 
Sour orange, arangi biggarrat. 
Sweet orange, arangi dous. 
Wild orange tree, arangier 

muvagi. 
Elm, ourme. 
Ash, fraisse. 
Oak, roure. 
Holm oak, eouse. 
Acorn of, eousina. 
Acorn oak, aglanler. 
Acorn, agland. 

To give acorns to pigs, aglanar. 
Tamarisk, tamarisc. 



Myrtle, tnerta. 

Fir tree forest, abadia. 

A forester, fourestier. 

A gardener, jardinier, iera, 

A garden, jar din, host. 

A forest, bouesc^ four est. 

Garden of plants, jardin deis 

plantas. 
To garden, jardinar, 
A wall tree, espalier. 
Olive tree, olivier. 
Wild olive tree, oleastre. 
Olive gatherer, olivaire. 
To pluck olives, debrouar. 
A Tree, aubre. 
Large tree, aubfus. 
Little tree, aubroun, aubrot. 
To climb a tree, aubrar. 
Vine, vigna. 
Vine guard, vignau. 
Pine apple, ananas. 
A thorn, espina. 
Shrub, arbrisseou. 



VOCABULARY. 



61 



NAMES OF TREES, PLAN 

Tree of life, auh^e de vida. 
Apricot, ab?icot. 
Gooseberry, g?'ouselha. 
Mulberry tree, amour a, 
Easpberry, framboisa, 
Raspberry bush, framhoider, 
Hasel nut, avelana. 
Knot of a tree, cignounc. 
Nut colour, nouseta. 
Nut tree, noisetier. 
Wallnut, nose. 
Shade, oiimhra. 
Shady, ombrageous^ ousa. 
Heat, arstm^ caumas. 
Plum, pruna. 
Pomgranate, miougrana, 
Uipe, madur. 
Strawberry, frem. 
Citron tree, citrounier, 
A citron, citroun. 
Lemon, limoun, nita. 



:ts, etc.^ — {continued,) 

Grape, rasin. 
Apple, jpouma. 
Peach, pesca, 

Fig. fig^' 

Dry tigs, figaspenecas. 

Song of olive gatherers, oliveya. 

Dried grape, pansa. 

Sugar almond, amenda sucrada. 

Vine dresser, vigneroun, pou- 

daire. 
Branch of vine with grapes 

on it, visada. 
Vintage, vendwni. 
Basket used in vintage, ven- 

dumiadour. 
Vintager, vendumiare, 'cendu* 

miarela. 
Vineyard, vigna. 
Vines, season of cutting, poti- 



Cedar, cedre. 



COLOURS. 



White, blanc, blanca, hlancJia, 

Black, negre, negra. 

Red, rouge, rougea. 

Green, verd, verda. 

Blue, blii^ blua, blur, blura, 

Prussian blue, blu de Ff'ussa, 

Yellow, jau?ie, jauna. 



Yellow of an Oigg, jaune d'uou, 

A little brown, brunet. 

SafPron yellow, ensafranat, ada. 

Brown, brun, na. 

Grey, gfis, grisa. 

Clad in black, ennegrat, ada. 

Sky coloured, azurat, 'ada. 



CONCERNING DRESS. 



A gown, rauba. 
Apron, faudau. 
Ribbon, riban. 
Slight shoe, sabatoun. 
Strong shoe shod with nails, 

passant. 
Trousers, braya^. 



A blouse, belousa, 

A scarf, ecJiarpa. 

Petticoat, jupa. 

Under petticoat, contilhouti. 

A boot, botta. 

Muslin, moiisselina. 

Coat, habit. 



62 



VOCABULARY. 



CONCERNING DRESS — {continued). 



Jacket, Tiahitoun, 

Waistcoat, vesta. 

Pocket, j)oc7ia, poclieta. 

To put hand in for money, 

pocJiegear, 
A button, boutoun. 
Button-hole, houtounier. 
Shirt, camisa. 
Chemisette, camiseta. 
Stockings, has. 
Linen, linge. 
Shoes, Soulier, sahata. 
Hat, capeou, capel. 
Cravat, cravata. 



To take off one's hat to one, 

descapelar. 
Cloth, drap. 
Lawn, ninoun. 
Silk, seda. 
Looking glass, miraM, miral- 

het. 
Thimble, dedau. 
Needle, agulhay agulhassa. 
Thread, Jlou. 
Scissors, ciseous, 
Taylor, sartre, talhur. 
Lamb's wool, lana ani. 
Materials, materiaus. 



PARTS OF A HOUSE. 



Parlour, sala, 

Window, fenestra, fenestroun. 

To stand in a window, s^'enfe- 

nestrar, 
Windows, fenestragi, 
A large window, fenestrassa, 
A door, porta, 
A small door, porteta. 
Ceiling, flafoun. 
Wall, paret, muralha, 
Eoof, cuhert. 
A low wall, muralJieta. 
To fall, toumbar, 
Floor, planchier. 



Wainscot, bouesagi. 
Wood, bosc, bouesc. 
Burnt wood, bosc escuech. 
Wood sans bark, bosc senza 

escorqa. 
Live oak, bosquina. 
Slate, ardoisa. 
A Slater, ardoisiare. 
Slated, ardaisat. 
To slate, ardaisar. 
Tile, teoule. 

To cover with tiles, cournadar. 
Tiled, cournadat, ada. 
Monument, mounument. 



ON THE ROAD (NATURAL OBJECTS^. 



The driver, voiturier. 

To ask the way, demandar la 

passada. 
Earthquake, terra-trema, 
Rainbow, arcenciel. 
Deluge, delugi. 
Thunderbolt, tronfoudra. 



Thaw, desgel, 
Trost, gelada. 
Snow, neou. 
Rain, pluia. 
Cloud, nivouL 

Hail, a fall of, graela, peire- 
gada. 



VOCABULARY. 



63 



ON THE ROAD (NATURAL OBJECTS) — {continued). 



Fair weather, beou temps. 
Bad weather, marrida temps. 
Little rain, ploourina. 
Heavy rain, pluiassa. 



White frost, hlancada^ hreina. 
Covered with white frost, 

breinat, ada. 
The evening star, Venus. 



TERMS OF SCIENCE, ART, ETC. 



Steamboat, estamhot. 
Eelctricity, eletricitat. 
Railway, camin de ferre. 
Engine, engin. 
Atmosphere, atJimosphero. 
Atmosphercial, athmospheri- 

que, ica. 
Chemistry, cMmia. 
Chemical, cliimique, ica. 
Chemist, cJiimisto. 
Music, musica. 
Musician, musicien, ena. 
Painting, pintura, 
A Painter, pintre. 
Statue, estatua. 
Stature, estatura. 
Statute, estatut. 
To enact a statute, estatuar. 
Spiral, espirala. 
A signal, signau. 
A station, estation. 
Stationary, estatiounari. 
Technical, technique^ ica. 
Editor, editour. 
Edition, edicion. 
Signature, signatura. 
Stucco, estuc. 
Telescope, telescopo' 



Toad, grapaiid. 

Frog, habi. 

Sea frog, rascassa. 



Microscope, microscopo. 

Map of world, mapamonda. 

Manufacture, manufactura. 

Manufacturer, manufacturier. 

Torpedo, the, tremoulina. 

To electrify, electrisar. 

Electrified, electrisat, ada. 

Meridian, meridien. 

Sun dial, cadran^ quadfan. 

Fresco, fresca. 

To paint, pintar. 

Picture, tableau. 

Steam engine, machinas a 

vapour. 
Steam, vapour. 
The milky way, camin de St. 

Jacques. 
Clairvoyance, penetration. 
Magnetism, magnetisme. 
Magnetise, to, magnetizar. 
Sparkling, a, scintilacio. 
Small anvil, tasseou, taquet. 
The Rosicrucians, Bosa-crois. 
Oxygen, oxygeno. 
Hydrogen, hydrougeno. 
Hydraulic, Jiydroulica. 
Conveniences of life, aises. 
Minimum, minimum. 

INSECTS, ETC. 

Flying frog, tardarassa. 
Mosquito, mouissoun. 
Flies, mousquitalha. 



64 



VOCABULARY. 



INSECTS. ETC, 

riea, mousca. 

Beetle, caravas. 

Plying bet tie, cerf volant. 

Grey lizard, lagramusa. 

Spotted lizard, estrapioun. 

Ant, foiirmiga. 

Small ant, whose bite is very 

burning and painful, arsi- 

coun. 
Ant hill, swarm, fourmilhier. 
Ant lion, the, mangea, four- 

migas. 



— {continued). 

Pricking, stinging, fourmilha- 

ment. 
Grasshopper, sautarela. 
Locust, sautarela. 
Green grasshopper, barhan- 

chuan, barbanchuan. 
"Fly, mousca. 

Meat fly, mousca de la vianda. 
Bee, abelha. 
Wasp, guespa. 
Drone, cliabriaut. 
Lizard, lagramusa^ fendarassa. 



KAMES OF ANIMALS, ETC. 



Lion, lion. 

Lioness, liona. 

Wolf, hup, 

Wolfs whelp, loubatoun. 

Boar, senglier. 

Horse, cavau, cMvau, cavalot. 

Cat, cat, catas, catoun. 

Eat, garrl. 

Water rat, garri d'aigua. 

Dog, chin, can, cJiinoun. 

Tiger, tigre. 

Tigress, tigressa. 

Mouse, rata, ratetta, 

x\ss, ase. 

She ass, sauma. 

Cow, vacca. 

Cows, vacJiaira. 

Pig, pore, pouerc, porquet. 

Elephant, elephant, ta. 

Monkey, singeoun. 

Hare, lebre. 

W^hite hare, blanchoun. 

Eabit, lapin. 

Weasel, moustela. 

Dormouse, greoule. 



Leopard, leopard. 

Little rat, ratouna. 

Frog, granoulha, 

A bear, ours. 

She bear, oursa. 

A bear's cub, oursoun. 

A young dog, cadeloun. 

A large dog, chinas. 

A large young dog, cadelas. 

Fallow deer, dam. 

A hart, cerf. 

Fawn, bicha. 

Bull, buou. 

Cattle, bestiari. 

Mule, mula, mul, muleta. 

Terrier, basset. 

Gteyhound, lebrier. 

She greyhound,Ve5re^a. 

Mastiff, mastin. 

Heifer, jungea. 

Mare, cavala. 

Gelding, coupat, crestat. 

A she goat, cabra. 

A flock of she goats, cabras. 

A little goat, cabreta. 



VOCABULARY. 



65 



NAMES OF ANIMALS — {continued). 



A he goat, houc, hoquet. 

Ewe, feda, 

A large bear, carri, 

A wether, moutoun, nouveou. 

Sheep in general, averagi. 

A large flock of sheep, bailea. 

A lamb, agneou-agnel. 

August lamb, aoiistenc. 

She lamb, aignela. 



Fox, remard. 

A cub, reinardoun. 

Snake, Berp^ serpent. 

Sea snake, serpent de mar. 

Viper, vipera. 

Ape, singe. 

Little ape, singeoun. 

Scorpion, escourpion. 

Hed scorpion, escourpion rouge. 



NAMES OF BIRDS. 



Eagle, aigla. 

Sea eagle, aigla de m,ar. 

Brown eagle, aigla coumuna, 

Eoyal eagle, aigla rouyala. 

Little eagle, aigloun. 

Large eagle, aiglas, 

A hawk, faucoun. 

Fisher hawk, aliet. 

Crow, grallia^ cliaia, 

Turkey, dinda^ dindas. 

Goose, aiijca. 

Duck, canard^ canardoun. 

Cock, coq. 

Hen, poula. 

Sea gull, fumet^ banella. 

Thrush, griva, tourdre. 

Black bird, merle, merlata. 

Snipe, becassina, becassoun. 

Woodcock, becassa. 

Grouse, francousa. 

Pheasant, faisan. 

Capon, capoun. 

Partridge, perdris, 

Eed partridge, perdris rougea. 

Vulture, vooutour. 

Owl, machota. 

Owlet, cahrareou, 

Nightingale, roussignoou. 



Small nightingale, roussig- 
noulet. 

Wall nightingale, roussignoou 
de murallia. 

Wild duck, canard sauvagi. 

Squall crow, corpatas blanc. 

Raven, corpatas. 

Pigeon, pigeoun. 

Wild pigeon, pigeoun sauvagi. 

Dove, paloumba. 

Swallow, dindouleta de chami- 
neia. 

A canary, canari. 

Green canary of Provence, 
se7in, cini, 

A lark, aloueta, calandra. 

A nest, nis, nin. 

To leave the nest, esfourniar. 

Sparrow, passeroun. 

Yellow hammer, verdoun^ gr as- 
set. 

Parrot, perrouquet. 

Swallow, dindoouleta. 

Domestic swallow, cuou-blanc. 

Sea swallow, roundouleta. 

Little swallow, tregede. 

Sea swallow with black head, 
fumet, 

G 3 



66 



VOCABULARY. 



NAMES OF BIRDS — {continued). 



Grey swallow of the rocks, 

dindouleta de roca. 
Lark, calandra, aloueta. 
rield lark, alauveta. 



Wild lark, hevouvida. 
Sea lark, pivoutoun. 
Little lark, calandroun. 
A bird, aucel, auceou. 



CONCEENING THE EGAD. 



The way or road, camin. 

To put in the way, ienmar. 

Stony way, peirada. 

Path for the flocks, carraira. 

Short cut, escourcJia, 

Short path, caminoun. 

Roundabout path, alata. 

Carrier's road, camin carreial. 

To journey, caminar. 

Far ojBP, luencJi. 

To show, shown, moustrar^ 

Hrat, ^ada. 
A Lodging, logeament. 
To lodge, logear. 
A sledge, lieya, hese. 
Track or drawing on, tirassa, 

tirassiei'a. 
To drag on, tirassar^ at, ada. 
To crawl along, se tirassar. 
Shepherd, hergier. 
Shepherdess, hergiera. 
Avalanche, avalancJia, 



Crevasse, crebassa, escarta. 
Mountain storm, tourmenta. 
To become wild (of a phice), 

armassir, ^sit. 
Shepherd, padre. 
Shepherdess, pastressa. 
Wandering shepherd, castele- 

geiaire. 
The Alps, Alpas, 
Low Alps, Al^as dassas. 
High Alps, Alpas autas, 
Alpine, Alpin, Alpina, 
Left turning, tourna a gaucha. 
Straw hat, fourada. 
Ticket, bilhet. 
Quickness, vitessa. 
Opposite to, vis a vis de. 
To go, anar. 
To go away, s'en anar. 
Autumn, reire sesoun. 
Back shop, reire houtiga. 
Traveller, voyageur, eusa. 



To Swim, nadar, nedar 
Swimmer, nadaii^e. 
The sea, mar. 
To row, ramar. 
Oar, remUy aviron. 
Luff ! orre ! 
A rower, voitgaire. 
A canoe, canot, 
A sail, vela. 



OF THE SEA, ETC. 

A wave, ounda, oundeta. 

Anchorage, ancmgi. 

An anchor, ancra. 

To anchor, 'ed, ancrar, at, 

ada. 
Sailer (ship), velier. 
Top sail, papafiga. 
Foresail of fishing boat, pou- 

lacra. 



VOCABULARY. 



67 



OF THE SEA, ETC. — {continued). 



Fishing by torch light, fas- 



Fisherman, pescaire, 
A line, ligna. 
Fish hook, mousclatt, 
A felucca, felouca. 
Voyage, viagi, voyagi, 

CARDINAL 

The north, nord, septentrion. 
South, sud. 
East, est. 
West, ouest. 
North-east, nord-est. 



A frigate, fregata. 
Kopes, cordage, cordagi. 
Cabin of ship, cJiamhra.d'ouf' 

Jicier. 
Capstan, cahestan. 
Cable, cahle. 
Little cable, cahlot. 

POINTS. 

North-north-east, nord-nord- 

est. 
North-west, nord-oued. 
South-west, sud-ouest. 
South-east, sud-est. 



WINDS. 



South wind, marin. 
East wind, aura. 
South-east wind, le hecJie. 
North wind, aura drecha. 
A wind, vent. 



Very cold wind, sisampa. 
Hot wind, aura cauda. 
Squall of wdnd, ventada, 
A little wind, ventotdet, 
A great wind, ventas. 



Earth, terra. 
Fire, fuec. 

PARTS OF A 

House, maisoun. 

Street, carriera. 

Square, 'plaqa. 

Church, eglisa. 

A yard, cour, 

A town, Vila. 

A large town, vilassa. 

Landlord of an inn, auhergisto. 

Inn, auhergea. 

Tavern, hotel. 

Keeper of a tavern, hoste^ 

hostessa, 
A beggar, mandiaiit. 



THE ELEMENTS. 

Air, air^ 



Water, aigua, 

TOWN, ETC. 

Female beggar, mandiante, 
Foss of the wall of a city, 

dougas. 
Foss or ditch, cros,fosm, 
A stony place, clapilha. 
Field full of stones, clapareda. 
To cover with stones, aclapas- 

sar. 
Shopkeeper, houtiguier. 
Post office, pasta. 
Posting house, messageria. 
Message, errand, messagi. 
Messenger, messagier, iera. 



68 



VOCABULARY. 



PARTS OF A TOWN, 

A letter, lettra, 

A shop, boutiga. 

Earn part, barri^ rampart. 

Castle, castel. 

Sentinel on a tower, badet. 

Sentry, sentinela. 

Custom house, douana. 

Custom's officer, douanier. 

A gendarme, gendarma. 

Carbineer, carabinier. 

Shop, mag asm. 

Perfumer's shop, parfumaria. 

A perfumer, parfumour, ousa, 

A bank, banca. 

Banker, banqider. 

Landing place, embarcadour. 



ETC. — {continued). 

A hair dresser, couiffar, usa. 
Corner of street, cantounada. 
Spacious, espacious, ousa, 
A brook in the street, rec. 
Stable, estable. 
A well, pous. 
Edifice, edifici. 
Hospital, houspitau. 
Small hospital, espitald. 
Cathedral, cathedrala. 
Corner of a city, cantoun. 
Bridge, ponent^ pont. 
Palace, palais. 
Small house, maisouneta. 
Country house, bastida. 
Quadrangle, quadrangle. 



SUBURBS OF A TOWN, ETC. 



Castle or chateau, casteou^ 

castel. 
Euined castle, castelas. 
Little catsle, castelet. 
Lord of a castle, casielan. 
Field covered with stubble, 

estoubla. 
Stubble, thatch, estoublouns. 
Thatched cottage, cauma^ tuba- 

neou. 
To thatch, clugear. 
Thatcher, clugeiare. 
Place, lueCy loc. 
In any place, en luec. 
Elevated places, Vautura. 



Mason's work, peirage. 
Mason ary, maqounaria. 
A mason, maqoun. 
Boulevard, boulevart^ halouard. 
Market town, small, bourguet. 
Dweller in a small market town, 

bourgadier. 
Citizen, bourges^ bourgeois. 
Citizen who keeps company 

with nobility, passa boiirges. 
Baker, boulangier. 
Brewer, brassur, ^usa. 
Grocer, espicier. 
Grocer's wares, e^peciaria. 



FUEL, 

Euel, caufagi. 
Brazier, peiroulier. 
Tinker's work, peiroularia. 
Kettle, peiroou. 



FIRE, ETC. 

Little kettle, peiroulet. 

To grow warm, caufar^ at^ 

ada. 
To warm one's self, se caufar. 



VOCABULARY. 



69 



FUEL, FIHE, 

Lime kiln, Journ de cans. 
Lime maker, caussinier. 
To lime corn, chaular. 
Smoke, fumada^ fum. 
Great smoke, fumadassa. 
Fumigation, fumigation. 
To ^mokQ.fumar, 
Stove, furnace, fourneou. 
Hearth, fugueiroun. 



ETC. — {continued) . 

Caboose of a small craft, 

fougoun. 
To burn, brular, rabinar. 
To burn one's self, se brular. 
Wood, bosc, bouesc. 
Fir cones for kindling a fire, 

pigna. 
Turf, peat, toiii^ba, 
Bon fire,/«/^c de joya. 



MEASURES, ETC. 



Mile, milo. 
League, lega. 
Drachm, drachma. 
Weights, pes. 
Weights and measures, 

mesuras. 
Ounce, ounga. 
Scruple, escrupule. 



pes et 



Grain, grammo, gran. 
Pound, lioura. 
Scales, balanqa. 
Small scales, balancetas. 
Yard balance, vergueta. 
Half, demi, miech, miegea. 
Half full, demiei. 
Quarter, quart. 



WATEE. 



Clear water, aigueta. 
Iron water, aigua ferrada. 
A little brook of water, raiou- 

let. 
Dirty water, aiguassa. 
Snow water, aigua neou. 
Orange flower water, aigua 

nafa. 
Eain water, aigua de pluia. 
Insipid water, aigua mola. 
Eiver water, aiguas. 



Water from the well, aigua 

d^adous, 
Eose water, aigua rosa. 
Brackish water, aigua saumas- 

tra. 
Eunning water, aigua cour- 

rent a. 
Standing water, aigua queta. 
Luke warm water, aigua 

tomca. 
Half way, mie-camin. 



Sardines, sardinas. 
Anchovies, anclioya^ s.f, 
Salmon, saumon. 
Trout, trucha^ truita. 
Mackerel, auruou. 
Herring, harenc. 



NAMES OF FISHES. 

Cod, marlussa. 

Salt fish, Salinas, 

White herring salted, Jiaren- 

cada. 
An oyster, huitre^ pellonstioun, 
Lo bster, favouya . 



70 



VOCABULARY. 



KAMES OF FISHES — {continued). 



Shrimp, caramhot. 

Crab, cancre, favouya. 

Sole, sola^ pabaiga. 

Pike, hroncJieta. 

Eiver cray fish, escr evict, 

Fisher of sardines, sardinaire. 



Fish, peissoun. 

Fish hook, mousclau, 

Fishmonpjer, peissonnier, iera. 

A fish kettle, peissonniera. 

Fishing, pesca. 

Gold fish, aurada. 



MEDICINES, REMEDIES, ETC. 



Scamony, escamounea. 

Epsom salts, sau d'l^psoun. 

Glauber salts, sau de Glouhert, 

Sal ammoniac, sal amouniac. 

Turpentine, bijoun, escourran. 

Ipecacuanha, ipecacualia. 

Myrrh, myrrJia. 

An emetic, emeiique. 

Oil of vitriol, oli de vitriol. 

Quinine, quinina. 

Nitric acid, aigua fort. 

Muriatic acid, chloro. 

Oxy. muriatic acid, chloro. 

An acid, acide. 

Ether, ether. 

Acetic ether, ether acetique. 

Sulphuric ether, ether sulphuri- 

* que. 

Nitric ether, ether nitrique. 

Muriatic ether, ether muriati- 

que. 
Citric ether, ether citrique. 
Balm of copaihu, baume de 

copahu. 
An Essence, essenga. 
Extract of goulard, extrait de 

saturno. 
Spirit of wine, esprit de vin. 
Rhubarb, rhubarba. 
Laudanum, laudanum. 
Opium, opium. 



A worm medicine, contra-vers. 

Pill, pilule, balota. 

Peroxide of iron, rouge d'ang- 

laterre. 
Phosphorus, phosphoro. 
Extract, extrait. 
Aromatic, aromatique, ica. 
Aromatics, aromato. 
Jalap, jalap. 
Soap, saboun. 
A drop, goutta. 
Vial, Jiola. 
Flask, flascoun. 
Small flask, flascounet. 
To filter, jiltrar. 
Sick, malauty malauta. 
To become sick, emmalautir. 
Bice, riz. 

A drink, abeouragi. 
A poultice, cataplasma, coum- 

press a. 
Drinkable, buvable, ^hlea. 
Calomel, mercuro dous. 
Purgative, purgatif, iva. 
Doctor's fee, honorari. 
Physician, physicien. 
Lotion, locio. 
To bathe, bagnar. 
Warming pan, bagnoira. 
Bath, ban. 
Hot water baths, bans. 



VOCABULARY. 



71 



MEDICINES, REMEDIES 

Bather, bagyiur, ma. 

Leeches, sangsuas^ 

Pulse, pouls. 

Lamp, lampa^ velkola. 

To sleep, dormir. 

Heavy sleeper, dormelhassa. 

Orange water, aigua nafa. 

Lozenge, losangeo. 

Pomade, poumada. 

To rub with oil, oliar. 

To cup, mettre de ventousas. 

Cupping glass, ventousa. 

To bleed one, saunar. 

Stramonium, darboussiera. 

Beech mast oil, oil de fayard. 

Oil of sweet almonds, oli 

d^amendas dougas, 
Pilbert nut oil, oli d'aulana. 
A letter of blood, saunaire. 
Blood, sang. 
Blister, vesicatoiro. 
To apply, applicar. 
Mustard pot, moustardier. 
Plaster, em^lastras. 
To apply a plaster, emplastrar. 



, ETC. — ipontinuedj. 

Wearing a plaster, emplaatrat, 

ada. 
Lancet, lanceta. 
Bandage, bendagi. 
Ligature, ligatura. 
Ice, to ice, glaqa, glaqar. 
Saltpeter, mu petro, 
Sarsaparilla, sal saparelha, 
European sarsaparilla, grame, 

gros. 
Healthy, salubre, a. 
Health, salubritat. 
Apothecary, abouticari, bouti" 

cari. 
Shop of an apothecary, bouH- 

caria. 
Morphine, morpMna., 
Ising-glass, colla de Feisoun. 
Suckling, Valachar. 
Giving it suckling, alacJiar, 
Flower of sulphur, fiours de 

soupre. 
Flower of zinc, flours de zinc. 
Sulphur, soupre. 
Pulsation, pulsation. 



DISEASES, ETC. 



Cholera, cholera. 
Consumption, pooumounia, 
Cousumipiiy e,pooumounique,ica 
Pulmonary, pulmounari, aria. 
Slight kweY,febrouna. 
Bilious fever, febre biliousa. 
Inflammatory fever, febre 

inflammatoire. 
Yellow fever, febre jauna. 
Feverish, febrous^ febrousa. 
Sun stroke, sourelJiada. 
A cold, rhooumas. 



Chronic rheumatism, maou 

d'oues, 
Eheumatism, rJioumatisme. 
Erisipelas, erysipelo. 
Thirst, set. 
Care, soin. 

To take care of, soignar. 
Spitting of blood, crachament 

de sang. 
Hemorrhage, Jiemorragia, 
Very long, longarut, uda. 
Flannels, flanella. 



72 



VOCABULARY. 



DISEASES, 

Indisposition, indisposition, 

Fever, febre. 

Pain, doulour. 

Ache, mal^ mau, maloun. 

Tooth ache, mal de dent. 

Ague, acces. 

Shuddering, frissoun^ frissou- 

nament. 
Cough, tons, tus. 
Jaundice, jaunessa. 
Scurvy, escourbut. 
Scorbutic, escourbutique^ ica. 
Small pox, veirola pichota. 
Chicken pox, veirola fola. 
Measles, senepion. 
Consumption, counsoumption. 
Gout, goutta. 
Stone, peira. 
Pleurisy, pleuresia. 
Consumptive, consumtiva. 
Cancer, cancer. 
Paralysis, paralysia, 
A wound, blessura. 
Cut, copadura. 



WOUNDS, ETC. 

Blow, coou. 

Blow of a knife, coutelada. 

Life, vita, vida. 

Death, mort,. 

Early death, mortoun. 

To cough often, tmsir^ tousse- 

gear. 
Surgery, cMrurgia, 
Surgeon, cMrurgien, 
Bad surgeon, cJiarculiare. 
Disease, maladia. 
Weakness, marandra. 
Sick, always, malautas. 
Nurse, garda. 
Wet nurse, nourriqa. 
Physic, medecina. 
Bed, liech. 
Little bed, lichoun. 
Infection, injection. 
To give an injection, injectnr. 
Skilful, habile, Jiabila. 
Scarletina, escarlatina. 
Eaw, crud, cruda. 
Dislocation, dislocacio. 



AFFECTIONS. 



A T^ear, lagrimia. 
Laughter, rire. 
Sneezing, esternut. 
To sneeze, esternudar. 
Weeping, plourar. 
The breath, souspir. 
Drowsiness, assoupisament. 
Numbness, engourdisament. 
Pleasure, plesir. 
To please ^te>6. 



To be pleased with, se plaire. 
Pleasantly, plesemment. 
Pleasant, plesent. 
Pleasing, plesenta. 
Penitence, penitenqa, 
'^Qmi^ni, penitent, enta. 
To want ^NOY()i% 'desfautar. 
Paroxism, paroxismes, redou- 

blament, 
A sigh, souspir. 



A metal, metal. 
Mineral, mineraii. 



OF METALS. 

Gold, or, aur. 
Silver, argent. 



VOCABULARY. 



73 



OF METALS 

Fulminating gold, or fulmi- 
nant. 
Fulminating silver, argent ful- 



Quicksilver, argent viou. 
Silvered over, argeniat, ada. 
Iron, ferre. 
Steel, acier. 
Lead, ploumh. 
Tin, ferre-blanc, 

FLOWEKS, 

Fern, fougiera. 
Female fern, feowoe. 
Fern ground, feouviera. 
Field full of fern, falgueiras, 
A flower, flour. 
Eose, rosa, 
Violet, viouleta. 
Ehododendron, hourgenc. 
Eose of Jericho, rom de 

JericJio. 
Dog rose, grata-cuou. 
Christmas rose, mardoure. 
Proven9al rose, mala rom. 
Holly rose, 'pa^sa rosa. 
Dew, rousada. 
Dew morning, aiguagnada. 
Dew heavy, aiguagnas. 
Covered with dew, aiguagnous^ 

ottsa. 
Eose bush, 7vsier, 
Dog rose bush, agourencier. 
White rose tree, agourencier. 
Yellow rose tree, rosier jaune. 

OF TABLE 

A plate full, assietada, sietada. 
A spoon full, culJiierada, 
A fork full, JourcJietada. 



-{continued). 
Pewter, estam. 
Laboratory, lahoratoire. 
Yellow brass, loutoun. 
Zinc, zinc. 
Brass, aram. 
Bronze, hrounze. 
To bronze, hrounzar. 
Mineralogy, miner alougia . 
Mineralogist, miner along isto . 

PLANTS, ETC. 

Monthly rose, rosier de tons 

leis mous, . 
Eose garden, rosolJi. 
Bengal rose, rosier de Bengalo. 
Lavender, lavanda, espic. 
Sun flower, tournasol. 
Passion flower, flour de la 

passion. 
Orange flower, naffra. 
Artificial flowers, flou7's arti- 

flcielas. 
Floweret, flour eta. 
To flourish, flourir. 
Flourishing, flourissant, anta. 
Florist, flourista, 
Lily, flour de lis. 
Asphodel lily or yellow lily, 

lis jaune, 
Lily, lis, 

Eed lily, martagoun. 
Primrose, couguou. 
Cowslip, museta. 
Orchid, evesques. 

WARE, ETC. 

Spoon, culhier. 
Knife, couteou, coutel. 
Fork, fourclieta. 



74 



VOCABULARY. 



or TABLE "WARE, 

Plate, assieta, sieta. 
Dish, plat, platet, platas. 
Glass, veii^e. 
Water croft, garaffa. 
Bottle, boutelha, 
A cup, tassa. 
Saucer, saussiera. 
Small spoon, cuilheiroun. 
Small knife, coutelet. 
Large knife, coutelas. 
A cutlas, coutelas. 
Large cup, bowl, tassassa. 



ETC. — (continued). 
Small cup, tasseta. 
To taste, goustar, tastar. 
Small bottle, boutelheta. 
Square glass bottle, papamoli. 
To bottle, emboutelhar. 
Coffee pot, caffetiera. 
Coffee pot made of clay, bricou. 
Cafe fran^ais, ceze. 
Moka coffee, caffe Moka, 
Chessboard, damier. 
Chess, ecJieca. [nagi, 

Ee verse of fortune, revira ma- 



VARIOUS 

A curate, cui^at. 

A curacy, cur a. 

Leather seller, curatier. 

Leather selling, curataria. 

Leather, cuer. 

A cutler, coutelier. 

To cost, coustar. 

Wine taster, tasta vin. 

Printer's ink, anci^a dHm^pri- 

maria. 
An ink bottle, ancrier^ escritori. 



WOKDS. 

Ink, ancra. 

Severe cold of the head, rlwou- 

mas doou cerveou. 
Cold caused by the sun in the 

head, pegoumas. 
Small enclosure, clauset. 
Enclosure, claus, enclous. 
Circumference or enclosure, 

circuit, encenta. 
Shut in with rock, clua, 
A protest, proutest. 



NECESSARIES 

A trunk, porta manteou, malla, 
A *' pass" for one to journey 

onwards, passavant. 
Crested paper, papier marcat. 
Stationery, papetarla. 
Brown paper, papier fouel. 
Paper, papier. 
Papers, papiers. 
Parcel, paquet. Has, Houn. 
To make up parcels, par- 

quetiar. 
Packet boat, paquebot. 
Little vessel, vaissela. 



OP TRAVELLING. 

Ship, viasseou. 
Horse shoe, ferre de cMvou. 
Parrier's hammer, destrier. 
Farrier's pouch, claviera. 
A nail, clavel, claveou. 
A little nail, claveloun. 
Nailed, claveldt, 'ada. 
To whip, fessar, fouitar. 
The whipper, fouitai?'e. 
A small hammer, martelet. 
A shoeing hammer, brocadour. 
A cog wheel, rodet. 
x\. hack horse, montttra. 



VOCABULARY. 



75 



NECESSARIES OF TRAVELLING, ETC- 



Oats, civ ad a. 

To give oats to, acivadar. 

Black wheat, blad negre. 

liuck wheat, blad sarrazin. 

Red wheat, blad rouge. 

Wheat, blad. 

A straw litter, apalkun. 

Barley, hordi. 

To litter straw, apalkar. 

Much straw, palka, palkarada. 

To take straw from a vehicle, 

despalhar. 
Ford of a river, gqfa. 
Fordable, que se poou gaffar. 
Sea port, port, se pouert. 
Refreshment, refi^escament. 
To refresh oneself, se refrescar. 
Refreshing, refrecJmsent^ ^erda, 
A wax light, hougia, 
A stove, estuba. 
Kitchen, cousina. 
Matches, alumeta. 
Cork screw, lira bouclioun. 
Thief, volur^ volusa. 
Almanack, almanacJi. 
Mountain, mountagna. 
Mountaineer, mountagnard. 



Mountainous, mountagnous, 

^ousa. 
A height, mount ada. 
To mount, mountrar. 
Mounting up, mountagi. 
A mountain, mont^ mount, 
A windy mountain, piech 

aurous, 
A high mountain, piech haul. 
A great mountain, pujoulas. 
Money, mouneda. 



Florin, flourin. 

To change money, esmovnedar. 

Small change, mounedalha, 

A coiner, mounedaire. 

Squall of a mistral wind, 

mistralada, 
A list, lista. 

A brook, riou^ rivacJioun. 
Servant, servant. 
Female servant, servanta. 
To attend on, servir. 
Situation, situation. 
Situated, situat, situada. 
Water drinker, beou Vaigua. 
Cave, sousterren. 
Spectator, es'pectatour, Hrica, 
To drive, menar^ cassar. 
Liqueur, licour. 
The drag of a wheel, sabot. 
Sand, quicksand, sabla, 

Sandhole, areniera, 

Sandy, sablounous^ 'otisa. 

Smuggler, contrabandler. 

Contraband, contrabanda. 

Frost nail, crampoun deferre. 

Convict, foiirqat. 

Bench to which convicts are 
chained, brancado. 

Boat, barque. 

A cart, car ret a. 

Carman, carretier, Hera. 

Large cart, carretassa. 

A hamlet, Jiameou, fourestoun. 

Breath, Jialena. 

To loose breath, estavanir. 

Bleaching, bleacliing. 

Very far off, a pampaligousta. 

A wild valley, vanfera. 

A high valley, vausubiera. 



76 



VOCABULARY. 



NECESSARIES OF TRAVEL TALK. 



A deep valley, vaucrosa, 

A small valley, valoun, 

A valley full of water, vali* 

quiera. 
A valet, varlet, varletoun, 
A courier, courrier. 
Bandit, bandit. 



An assassin, copa gorgea: 
Danger, dangler. 
To be in peril, perigolar. 
A valley, valeya. 
Waiter, boy, gargoun. 
Washerwoman, blanchissusa. 
Washing yard, blancharia. 



IMPLEMENTS WHICH ONE HAS NEED OF. 



A stick, bastoun. 
Umbrella, para'plma. 
Baggage, bagagi. 
Little stick, bastounet. 
A large stick, bastounas. 
Spectacles, porta-vista. 
Achromatic spectacles, luneta 

acromatica. 
Guide, guidas, guido. 
To guide, guidar. 
A directory, guidana. 



Watch, mouestra, 

A tent, tenda. 

Tent of thatched straw, cluau. 

Parasol, parasol. 

Penknife, canify ganif. 

Pencil, crayoun. 

Pin, espingla. 

Small pin, espingleta. 

To fasten with pins, espilhar. 

Toothpick, cura-dent. 

Chinese ink, ancra de la China. 



WEAPONS, ETC. 



Pistol, pistoulet. 

Gun, fusil. 

Pistol shot, pistouletada. 

To fire a pistol, pistouletegear. 

Sword, espasa, espadran. 

A bad hunter, cassairot. 

The chase, cassa. 

A cannon, canoun. 

A large cannon, canounas. 

Cannonading, canounada. 

Gunpowder, poudra a canoun. 



Carabine, carabina. 
Captive, captif, captiva. 
Carnage, carnagi, 
A hunter, cassaire. 
A cartridge, cartoucha. 
Barrack, caserna. 
Case mate, casa-mata. 
A hut, cahanoun. 
A place, endrech. 
In that place, aguito. 
Protection, pro^tectiou. 



SALUTATION. 



Good day, bon jour. 

Good evening, bon soir^ bona 

sera. 
Adieu, adiou. 
Soon, benleoUy leou. 



Welcome (adj.), benvengut, ^da- 
Good day, sir, bon jour^ moussu. 
Good evening, madam, bona 

sera, madama. 
Perhaps, be^sai, beleou. 



VOCABtJLARY. 



77 



HANKS AND OCCUPATIONS. 



King, rey, rei. 
Queen, reina. 
Prince, prince. 
Princess, princessa. 
Emperor, emperour, 
Duke, fuc. 
Duchess, ducJiessa. 
Bishop, evesque. 
Banker, hanqider. 
Gentleman, gentilhome. 
Soldier, soldat. 
Soldier's child, soldatoun. 
Soldier's wife, soldata. 
Sailor, matelot. 
Carpenter, charpentier. 
Peasant, j!?fl:^5«;^, ^ana. 
Merchant, marcliand^ 'anda. 
Cow herd, vaclieiroon. 
A doctor, medecin. 
Stranger, edr angler^ ""era. 
Corporal, capourau. 
Captain, capitani. 
Mayor, mero^ mairo. 
Superintendent of an oil mill, 

raedre de banc. 
Machinist, macJiinisto. 
Journeyman, journalier. 



Old man, vielkard. 

Old man and woman, viel^ 

vielka. 
Preemason, franc r/iaqoun. 
A bad fellow, marrias. 
A bad woman, marriassa. 
Yiscount, vicomte. 
Viscountess, vicomtessa. 
Viceroy, vice-rei. 
Vice-president, vice-president. 
Justice of peace, jiigi-de-'paix. 
Virgin, viergi. 

Y ice- chancelloY , vice -chancelier . 
Vicar, vicarL 
Vice-admiral, vice-amir au. 
Vice -legate, vice-leg at. 
Vice-consul, vice-co7isou. 
Vice (adj.), vice, vici. 
Veterinary surgeon, veterinaire. 
Widower, veoics. 
Widow, veotisa. 
Villager, foure%tier^ iera. 
Country lass, perneta. 
Lieutenant, luetenent. 
Lieutenant-general, luetenent 

generau. 
Professor, proufessour. 



OF NATIONALTIES. 



Englishman, Angles. 
Englishwoman, Anglesa. 
England, Anglaterra. 
L'ishman, Irlandes. 
Lishwoman, Irlandesa. 
Frenchman, Frances. 
Frenchwoman, Francesa. 
Spaniard, Espagnoou, 
Spanish woman, Espagnola. 
Italian, Italien. 



Italian woman, Italiena. 
Dutchman, Holandes. 
Dutchwoman, Holandesa. 
Grerman, Alemand. 
German woman, Alemanda, 
Germany, Alemangna. 
Dane, Banois. 
Denmark, Banemarch. 
American, American. 
American woman, Americana. 

H 2 



78 



VOCABULARY. 



OF NATIONALITIES — {continued,) 



America, America, 
Asia, Asia. 

Asiatic, Asiatique, Hca. 
Africa, Africa. 
African, African, ^cana. 
Europe, Europa. 
European, Europeen, 'ena, 
Turk, Turc. 
Swiss, Suisse, 



Swiss girl, Suissa. 
Egyptian, Egyptien. 
Egyptian woman, Egyptina. 
Jew^, Judiou. 
Jewess, Judionva. 
Wandering Jew, Juif errant. 
Austrian, Autrichien. 
Austria, Autriclia. 
Greek, Grec, Greca, 



TITLES. 



Maiden, donzella. 
Master, mestre. 
Mistress, mestressa. 
Don (title of honor), don. 
Sir, m.oussu, moussur. 
Young sir, moussurot. 
My lord, mmmsignour. 
To '' my lord" one, mounseig- 
nourisar. 



To give a sobriquet to one, 

escaissar. 
Sobriquet, soubriquet, escai- 

noum, 
Madame, madama. 
Miss, madameisella. 
Bachelor, bachelier. 
My lord, milord. 
My lady^ miladi. 



CONCERNING PROPER NAMES. 



Magdalene, Madelena. 
Lucretia, Lucressa. 
Lubin, Lubin. 
Lucien, Lucifer, 
Louis, Louis, 
Little Louis, Louiset. 
Leopold, Leopold, 
Leon, Leo7i. 
Leonard, JuConard. 
Eobin, lloubiu. 
Eobert, Robert. 
Thomas, Thoum.as. 
Tiberius, Tiberi. 
Mattliew, Mathiou, 
Matilda, Mathilda. 
Mary, Maria. 
Mariana, Mariana. 



Stephen, Esteve. 

Mary, Mari. 

Sebastian, Bastian. 

Little Sebastian, Bostianoun, 

Anne, Ana. 

Henry, Henric. 

Henrietta, Henrieta. 

Joseph, Joousep. 

Little Joseph, Joousepoun. 

Joachin, JoacJiin,^ 

James, Jacqus. 

Jules, Julo. 

John, Jean, Gian. 

Jack, Jeanot. 

Jean, Jeana, Jeaneta. 

Little Jean, Jeanetoun. 

Charlotte, Charlota, 



VOCABULARY. 



79 



PROPER NAMES 

William, Guilheoume. 
Gustavus, Gustavo, 
A Jesuit, Jesuisto, 
Josephine, JoousepJiMna, 
Franconette, Franqouneta, 
Francis, Franqois. 
Prancessa, Frangoise. 
Edward, Edouard, 
Edmond, Edmoun, 
Marguerite, Margarida, Bida, 
Fat Margaret, Didasm. 
Victor, Victor. 



—{continued.) 

Toung Victor, Tictoret, 
Victoria, Victoira, 
Victorin, Victourin. 
Vespasian, Fesjjasias, 
Paul, Faul. 
Young Paul, Pauloun. 
Pauline, Faulina. 
George, Georgi. 
Andrew, Andre, 
Young Andrew, Andreloun. 
Andronica, Andronel. 
Nicholas, Nicolo, 



ADJECTIVES, INDISPENSABLY NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN. 



Good, ban, hona^ houen^ bouena. 

Bad, marrit, Hda, 

W^ise, sagi. 

Wisely, sageament. 

Great, grand, granda. 

Little, j)ichot, ta, pichoun, na. 

Big, gros, grossa. 

Thick, espes, espessa. 

Thin, 7m?ice, minga. 

High, aut, auta, 

A little high, autet. 

Low, bas, hassa. 

Long, long, long a. 

Short, court, "a. 

A little short, courtet. 

Wide, la7'ge, largea. 

Narrow, estrech, 'a. 

Eight, drecli, dreclia. 

Left, gaucJi, gaucha, 
)01d, vielh, vielha, 
^New, noou, nova. 

Fat, gras, grassa. 

Lean, maigre, ^gra. 

Heavy, pesant, 'a. 

Dull, lourd, 'a. 



Light, leougier, Hera, 

Full, plen, plena. 

Empty, vuide, vuida. 

Very small, petitoun. 

Very thin, minsoulin. 

Highly, autament. 

Hight, autour. 

Lightly, leougiearament. 

Bowed with age,courcoussounit, 

^ida. 
Hard, dur, dura. 
Soft, mol, mola, mouel. 
Easy, facile, Hla, 
Sweety dous, douqa. 
Bitter, amar, amara. 
Sour, aigre, aigra. 
Clean, net, neta, 
1>^ eat, propre, 'a. 
Dirty, sale, sala. 
Nasty, vilen, vilena. 
Sourness of stomach, crem,our. 
Sour things, aigrun. 
Cold, fred, 'da. 
Hot, caud, Cauda. 
Drr, sec, secca. 



80 



VOCABULARY. 



ADJECTIVES, ETC' — (continued.) 



To dry, seccar. 

Dried up, seccat, seccada. 

Dryness, seccar essa. 

Horse to dry things on, secca- 

dour. 
Secular, secularL 
Secret, secret, secreta, 
A hidden place, seer eta. 
Wet, bagnaty ^ada. 
Damp, Jiumidey Hda, 
Strong, fort, forta. 
Weak, feible, feihla, 
Stiff, rede, 'eda. 
Limber, souple, ^pla. 
Handsome, bel, beta, beou. 
Pretty, joli, jolia, poulit, Hda, 
Ugly, laid, 'a. 
Blind, arreglat, ^ada. 
Lame, boitous, 'ouse. 
Dumb, 77iut, muta. 
Deaf, sourd, ^da. 
Hunchbacked, gibous, ^oua, 

bossut, 'uda. 
Squinting, lusc, guecJion. 
Bold, hardU, Hda, Jiardia. 
Civil, poulit, Hda. 
Cunning, fin, fina. 
Sharp, ronsat, ^ada. 
Playful, badin, hadina. 
Cruel, cruel, 'ela. 
Fickle, volagi, ^gea. 
Lavish, proudigue, Hga. 
Niggardly, cJiicou, primament. 
Loyal, fidele, 'ela. 
Chaste, chaste, cliasta. 
Sober, sobre, 'bra. 
Stubborn, oupiniastre, 'astra. 
Bash, temerari, 'aria. 
Other, autre, antra. 



Some, quanque, quaqua. 

Ungodly, empio, empia. 

Sincere, sincere, 'a. 

Just, juste, justa. 

Indocile, indoucile, Hla. 

Crooked, courbat, 'ada. 

Maimed, estroupiat, 'ada. 

One eyed, borni, 'ia. 

Plat nosed, camus, camussa. 

Formality, formalitat. 

Formal, formel, 'ela. 

Formidable, formidable, 'a. 

Ferocious, feroce, feroqa. 

Ferocity, ferocitat. 

Weakly, feblament. 

Weakness, fehlessa. 

To weaken, fehlezir. 

Insipid, fade, fada. 

Kustique, rustique, 'ica. 

Again, encara. 

Another thing, aure. 

Other times, outras fes. 

Glorious, glorious, 'ousa. 

Glorified, glorifiat, 'ada. 

To glorify, glorifiar. 

Slippery, glissant, 'anta. 

To slip on ice, escouranchar . 

To slip, resquilhar. 

To creep into, insinuate one- 
self, coulinar se. 

A slip or slide, glissada. 

A slide, resquilliadqur . 

Awkward, desgaubrat. 

Awkwardly, gauchament. 

Lying (of place), coucat, 'ada. 

Against the grain, cahin caha. 

Indispensable, indispensable, 
'abla. 

Indiscreet, indiscret, 'eta. 



VOCABULARY. 



81 



ADJECTIVES, ETC. — {continued). 



Indolent, indoulent, ^enta. 
Sick, malaut^ ^auta. 
Incorrigible, incourrigible, ^a. 



Incredulous, incredule, '«. 
Indigested, indigest, ^esta. 
Unworthy, indigne^ ^igna. 



Father, paire, pero, papa. 
Mother, maire. 
Sister, sor^e, souere. 
Brother, /ra^V6. 
Aunt, tanta. 
Uncle, ouricle, harha. 
Wife, espousa. 
Bride, femna. 
Husband, espous. 
Bridegroom, ma7% 
Grandfather, grand paire. 
Grandmother, grand maire. 
Godfather, pairin. 



KINDRED. 

Godmother, mairina. 
Son-in-law, beou fih. 
Daughter-in-law, hel Jilha, 
Son, Jils, 
Daughter, filha. 
Cousin, cousin, cousina. 
Loving one's mother too much 
to leave her, ameirassit, Hda, 
Dear little mother, maireta. 
To love one's father, pairegear. 
Grandson, falen. 
Granddaughter, JilJieta. 
Pupil, pupile, ila. 



WORDS NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN. 



Abdomen, ventre 
Abolish, to, aboulir. 
At bay, abois. 
Abundance, aboundance. 
Abounding, aboundanty 'anta. 
Abominable, abouminable. 
Abyss, ahyme. 
Ablution, ablution. 
Abortive, neblat, neblada. 
Abridgment, abregeat. 
Abridged, abregeat, ada. 
Apricot, tree, abricot, abricotier. 
Absence, absent, absenga, ab- 

sent, ^enta, 
Absent oneself, to, s^absentar. 
Absolution, absouliition. 
Absorbed, absourbat, ada. 
Absorption, absourption. 
Absorb, to, ahsourbar. 
Abstinence, abstinengi. 



Absurd, absurde, da. 

Absurdity, absurbitat. 

Abuse, abus. 

Acacia garden, casseyer. 

Acacia, acacia. 

Academy, academia. 

Accelerate, to, accelerar. 

Accent, accent. 

Accompany, to, accoumpagnar. 

Accompanied, accoumpagnat, 

'ada. 
Accomplish, to, accomplir, it, 

id a. 
Accouchement, acCoucJiament. 
Accoutrement, acoutrament. 
Accustom Q>Vi.t^^i,s' accoutumer . 
Accustom, to, accoust'umar . 
Accuse, to, accusar, sat, ada. 
Acquire, to, acquerir. 
Acquired, acquist, ista, isa. 



82 



VOCABULARY. 



WORDS NECESSARY TO 

Acquit, to, acq^idtar. 
Act, an, acte 
Activity, activitat. 
Actual, actuel, ela. 
Actually, actuelament. 
Adapt, to, adaptar. 
Adjacent, adjacent, enta. 
Admire, to, admirar. 
Admonition, awionestassio. 
Admonish, to, admonestar. 
Admonished, admonestat, ada. 
Admission, admission. 
Admissible, admissible^ ibla. 
Admitted, admes^ essa. 
Adorer, adorafour. 
Address, to, adressar. 
Address, adressa. 
Adversary, adversaria aria. 
Adversity, adversitat. 
Affability, affabilitat. 
Affaire, affaire. 
Affection, affection. 
Agony, agounia. 
Agriculture, agricultura. 
Agriculturer, agricultour. 
Aide-de-camp, aido'de'Camp, 
Albergo or inn, aubergea. 
Alert, alerto, ta. 
Alliance, allianqa. 
Alternative, alternativa. 
Amusement, amusament. 
Amuse, to, amusar. 
Ancestors, ancetros. 
Ancient, ancently, ancian, ana, 

ancianament. 
Anemone of the Alps, barbua. 
Anguish, to, angoissa^angoissar. 
Animate, to, animar^ at, ada. 
Animal, an, animal, animau. 



BE KNOWN — {continued) . 
Animal, small, animalot. 
Animal, large, animalos, 
Antichamber, antichambra, 
Anthrav, carboun. 
Antidote, antidoto. 
Anxiety, anxietat. 
Appetite, appetit. 
After, apres. 

After dinner, apres-dinar. 
Afternoon, apres-miejour. 
After to-morrow, apres-deman. 
Aqueduct, aqueduc. 
Aquatic, aquatique, ica. 
Arabesques, arabescas. 
Archangel, arcliangi. 
Archdeacon, arcMdiacre, 
Architect, architecto. 
Avidity, aviditat. 
Arithmetic, arithmetica. 
Arnica, estourniga. 
Artisan, artisan, mesteirau. 
Altar, autar. 

Authorization, autourisation . 
Authorize, to, autourisar, at, 

ada. 
Bait of a hook, morsa, esca, 

amorsa. 
Bait, to, amorsar, morsar. 
Baths of hot water, bans. 
Ballad, a little, baladeta. 
Ballad, a, balada. 
Balsamic, balsamique, ica. 
Balustrade, balustrada. 
Barber, barbier. 
Barley, to thrash, escoussegear , 
Beat linen, baular. 
Box, a, bouita. 
Bonnet of a priest, bonnet de 

capelan. 



VOCABULARY. 



83 



WORDS NECESSAUY TO 

Bonnet, hounet. 

Do. child's, carpan. 
Buckle, houcla, hlouca. 
Buckle, to, bloucai^ ada, ^clat. 
Broth, sowpeta. 
Bourse (purse), boursa. 
Bourse hotel de la Exchange, 

the, logea^ boursa. 
Bourse (purse, a full), boiissada; 

a scanty purse, bourseta. 
Bookseller, libraire. 
Compass, mariner's, cou7npass 

de mar. 
Catholic, Catholique^ ica. 
Catalogue, catalogo. 
Chart, geographical, carta geo- 

grapJiica, 
Corpse, cadavre, 
Cadeau or gift, cadot. 
Cabin or cot, cabana. 
Do. one who lives in a, cou- 

tarel. 
Do. thatched, cauma. 
Do. portable, of shepherds, 

bressa. 
Cabaret or inn, cabaret. 
Calm oneself, to, se calmar. 
Camphor, campJiourata. 
Canvas, sketch rough draught, 

canevas. 
Carp, a, carpa. 
Coach, carrossa. 
Coachmaker, carrossier. 
Carriole, a, carriola. 
Carte blanche, full permission, 

carta blanca. 
Chamber, chambra. 
Chamois, chamous. 
Coal, carboun. 



BE K^owi^^ (continued). 
Collier, coalman, carbounier, 

ie7'a. 
Colliery, small, a coalwoman, 

testa negra. 
Drastic, drastique, ica. 
District, district. 
Diuretic, diuretique^ ica. 
Divide, divisar. 
Divulge, divulgar. 
Employ, to, emplegar. 
Employ oneself, to, s'emplegar. 
Employment, empleg. 
Exact, exact, acta. 
Exaggerate, exagerar. 
Exaltation, exaltation. 
Excusable, excusable, bla. 
Excuse, excusa. 
Excessive, excessive, iva. 
Exotique, esirangier, iera. 
Friend of the heart, cardachou. 
Friend, amic, ia. 
Friend, good, amiguet. 
Fagot, gaveo. 
^lame, Jlama. 

Do. sm'd\l,fla7?ia?vta. 
Fracture, fractura. 
Fracture, to, roumpre. 
Gum arable, gouma arabica. 
Gum, gouma. 
Gum, cherry, meliga. 
Grammar, grammera. 
Gratuitously, gratuitament. 
Grotto, a, crota, hauma. 
Garland, guirlanda. 
Hammock, Jiamac. 
Haricot "^XdiWi, fay oouiera. 
Haricot, fayoow. 
Havre sac, abrassac. 
Hyssop, mariarma. 



84 



VOCABULARY. 



WORDS NECESSARY TO 

Idolatry, idolatria. 
Inhabitable, inhabitable, ^bla. 
In-promptu, in-'prom/ptu. 
Inscribe, to, inscrioure. 
Inscription, inscription. 
Introduction, introuduction. 
Introduce, introuduire. 

Do. oneself, s^introu- 



Invoke, invocar. 
Jealous, jalous, ousa. 

Do. cured of being, des 

jaloMsit, ida. 
Jar, jarra. 

Do. little, jarr eta. 
Jasmin, jaussemin, 
John Baptist, Jean Bapiisto. 
Kilogramme, kilogrammo. 
Lantern, lanterna. 
Languish, to, languir, 
Latin, Latin, ina. 
Lemonade, limounada. 
Liquid, clar, liquids, ida. 
Lodge, to, loger. 
Lodging, logeament. 
Luxurious, luxurious, ousa. 
Merchandise, marchandisa. 
Melon, meloun. 
Menace, menaqa. 
Memory, to lose one's, desme- 

mouriar. 
Memory, lost, desmemouriat, 

ad a. 
Mint, green, menta. 
Meridian, slumber, dormida. 
Monk, mouine. 
Naphtha, oli petroli. 
Navigator, navigaire. 
Negligence, negligenci. 



BE KNOWN — {continued). 
Neglect, to, negligear. 
Nonchalance, nounchalanqa. 
Novice, nouviqi, iqa. 
Nutritive, nutritif, iva. 
Number, numerot. 
Numerous, noumbrous, ousa. 
Name, noum. 
Number, noumbre. 
Obedience, obedienqa. 
Obey, to, oubeir. 
Obeisance, an, oubiessanqa. 
Obedient, oubiessent, enta. 
Oblige, to, oubligear. 
Oculist, oculisto. 
Odontalgia, toothache, mau de 

dents. 
Omission, oumission. 
Orangeade, orangeada. 
Ornament, to, ornar. 
Ortolan, Jiortoulan. 
Osier, vege, vese. 
Pamira, fruit basket, bertoul. 
Paradise, paradis. 
Pardon, pardoun. 
Parisian, Parisien, ena. 
Passage, right of, pezage. 
Pass, passa. 
Poor, the, paurilha. 
Poverty, pauretat. 
Pendule or clock, pendula. 
Perpendicular, perpendiculari, 

aria. 
Person, persounU. 
Piano, piano. 
Pilot, piloto. 
Plant, plant, plantun. 
Plantation, plantation. 
Planted, plantat, ada. 
Plant, to, plantar. 



VOCABULARY. 



85 



WORDS NECESSARY TO 

Plant, to, to strike root, aharbar. 

Poem, jjoema. 

Poetry, poesia. 

Pear, per a. 

Pear tree, ^^Adi^ pouerrefer. 

Pear tree, pouerre, porre. 

Pea, pese. 

Pot or vase, pot, potet. 

Precipice, precipici. 

Precious, precious, ousa. 

Pronounce, pronounqar. 

Pronunciation, pronoimciation. 

Proprietor, proprietari. 

Providence, prouvidenqa. 

Pustule, pustulu, 

Pyrenees, the low, Pyreneas 



Pyrenees, the high, Fyreneas 

aulas. 
Quarrel,' ^M^reZ«. 
Quarrel, to, querelar. 
Quarrels, maker of, pacJiacaire, 
Question, question. 
Quit, to, quitar, 
Eank, rang. 
Eancidity, rancir. 
Eare, rare, ara. 
Eanunculus, peta sauma. 
Do. renouncula, 
Eepast, repast. 

Do. small, repassoun, 
Eepose, repaus, 
Eest oneself, to, se repausar. 
Southward, adrech. 
Season, sesoun. 
Seriously, seriousament. 
Sense, sens. 
Sensitive, sensitiva. 



BE KNOWN — {continued). 

Seize, to, sesir. 
Sirocco, siroco. 
Sirop, sirop. 
Society, soucietat. 
Suspicion, soupcoun. 
Suspicious, souspicJious, ousa. 
Suspect, to, soupcouuar. 
Special, especial, ala. 
Studious, esiudious, ousa. 
Sulphurous, sidfm'ous, ousa. 
Supposition, supposition. 
Secure, segur, ura. 
Termination, terminesoun. 
Terrace, terra^sa. 
Toilet, teleta. 
Tomb, toumbeou. 
Trance, estransi, transa. 
Transfer, to, transferar, at, ada. 
Transgression, transgression. 
Transgressor, transgressour. 
Translation, translation. 
Usage, usagi. 
Useful, utile, ila. 
Vase, vase. 

Vehemence, vehemensia. 
Vegetation, vegetation. 
Xavier, p.n., Xavier. 
Youth, jouinessa. 
Young, jouine, jouina. 
Young man, jouine home. 

Do. 2i\QXY,jouvenet. 
Zoology, zoologia. 
Zone, zona. 
Zealous, zelat, ada. 
Zephyr, zephyr. 
Zig-zag, zig-zag. 
Zero, zero. 
Zenith, zenith. 



86 DIALOGUE. 

THE DIALOGUES. 
DIALOGO 1°^^^- 

UN MESTRE E LO SIEU GARSON. 

Mestre, — ^Antoni, ieu lo t^hai tougiou dice, e lo ti 
repeti^ un buon mestie es un tresor. Non es pas soula- 
men de medessin e d^avocat che voou lo pais^ voou 
aussi de buoi mesteirant, d^ouvrie fuort^ abile e virtuous. 
Perche venes tan tardi esto matin ? 

Garson, — Perche non hai plus idea de travaigli^ in 
achesto pais. Hai tougiou audit dire ch^ un ouvrie deu 
sourti^ se v6oi\ si perfessiouna, e es ben senche vuoli 
faire. 

Mestre. — leu e tantu autre che ti pourrii noma, che 
mandan au giou d^anguei lu nuostre travaigl a Paris, a 
Londra, e meme eu Russia, non sieu giamai sortit de 
Nissa. Per ieu men teni buon. Lo SIGNOUR ha 
benedit lu mieu travaigl. Nat paure, commenseri a 
travaiglia souta d\in mestre, che m^aimava coma Ieu 
t^aimi, e che non cessava de mi repetk — " Lo mieu enfan, 
lo travaigl fa Vome ric^ tan che es accompagnat da 
Teconomia, e Fome si poou tougiou dire ric, tan che 
non ha de deute.^^ Coura mon mestre mouret, haigheri 
a pena per mi mettre una picciouna boutiga ; ma aiira 
en mi travaiglian onestamen hai de ben, de reputassion, 
e de credi. Tu en ciangian de pais veiras d^aubre vert, 
de majon blanchi, d^ome embe doui camba; ma tout 
acco^ lo puodes veire aissi. 

Gar son, — Se ieu vuoli faire lo tour deFransa, non es 
pas per veire de pais, ma plutot per mi perfessionna, 
coma ieu v'hai degia dice. 

Mestre, — Si, tau era I'intension de tantu ouvrie de la 
mieu connoissensa, lu cal apres estre estat touplen de 
temp en li capitali, non nen conoission che lu teatre. 



DIALOGUE. 87 

THE DIALOGUES. 
DIALOGUE 1. 

A MASTER AND HIS WORKMAN. 

Master, — Antony^ I it to thee have always said, and 
it to thee I repeat, a good trade is a treasure. It is not 
only of doctors and lawyers that the country wishes, it 
wishes also good artizans, strong labourers, skilful and 
virtuous. Why comest thou so late this morning ? 

Workman, — Because I have not more idea of working 
in this country. I have always heard say that a work- 
man ought to travel, if he wishes to make himself 
perfect, and it is that which I wish to do. 

Master, — I and many others whom to thee I can 
name, who send to-day our work to Paris, London, and 
even to Russia, never have travelled out of Nice. For 
myself I find myself very well of it. The LORD has 
blessed my work. Born poor, I began to labour under 
a master, who loved me as I love thee, and who ceased 
not of to me repeating — ^^ My child, work makes the 
man rich, as long as it is accompanied by economy, and 
the man himself can always call rich, so long as he has 
not debts/' When my master died I had much ado (I 
had hardly) to set up a little shop ; but at this moment, 
by my working honestly, I have goods, reputation, and 
credit. Thou, in changing the country, will see green 
trees, white houses, men with two legs ; but all this you 
can see here. 

Workman, — If I wish to make a tour of Prance, it is 
not to see the country, but rather to perfect myself, as I 
you have already told. 

Master, — Yes, such was the intention of many work- 
men of my acquaintance, the who after having been 
much time in the capitals, of it knew nothing but the 



88 DIALOGUE. 

li puorta, e lu cabaret^ e li ban chitadi, per retourna au 
pais paure e ignorant comk n^eron partit. Un apprendis 
au contrari che passa per toui lu grado en lo meme 
atelie achista esperiensa e pratiga. Lo camin es un 
pbou lone, ma es segur. Pensa pi ai perigl che has 
da courre. En li villa dou has da ana de faus com- 
pagnon t^esperon per ti faire complici dei sieu desordre ; 
lu caffe e lu oste^ lu licour e Faigarden che brulon lo 
cors e uson Fesprit, ti presenteran li sien giouissensa 
bestiali ; lu bal e li festa, la pompa e li moda son de 
gouffre tougiou dubert che t^attireran de mille cousta a 
la fes ; e li frema ! Li frema, set a dire^ la maschera de 
la debauccia au front de la voluptk. Piglia garda ! 

Gar son, — Eppura^ che faire? Nou poudes ignord^ 
mestre, che Nissa es un villa_, dou per ave touplen de 
travaigl foou estre estrangie^ o ben ana faire lo tour^ e 
pi veni si mettre un gran magazin^ e parla franses. 

Mestre. — Per troou Fesperiensa demuostra la verity 
de senche venes de dire ; ma sabes-tu de don ven achelP 
abus? Eu ha doui soursa; la premiera es che li mar- 
ridi pratiga aimon tougiou mai si servi da cu non li 
conoisse ; achesti nou han giamai enrichit degun^ e es 
ben de non li ave. La segonda es che achelF ouvrie, 
soubre des che han vojagiat coma eu^ e dei cal noou si 
son perdut^ ha emparat a faire economia^ e ha achistat 
una certa maniera de parla e de vieure, che li attira 
Festima e la confidensa ; e achesta ressours a la puodes 
trouvk aissi. 

Garson. — E ben^ leu farai com^ acheu disieme. 

Mestre, — Cu es che ti respuonde de re^ssi coma eu? 
Es ben plus probable che t^arrive coma ai autre noou. 
Se m^en creses^ restas aissi e ti travaiglies ; puodes tam- 
ben sens a sorti de Nissa ti rendre abil e estimable, ma 
se non vuos creire a la mieu longa experiensa^ crei au 
manco en achella d^ acheu che nat paure coma tu^ cmbe 
la sieu assiduita e la sieu applicassion, devenghet un dei 



i 



DIALOGUE. Oy 

theatres, the gates, and the public houses, and who have 
quitted to return to the country poor and ignorant as of 
it they were set out. An apprentice, on the contrary, 
who passes through all the grades in the same work- 
shop, acquires experience and practice. The way is a 
little long, but it is secure. Think after all on the perils 
which thou hast to run. In the cities where thou hast 
to go, false companions thee hope to make accomplice 
of their disorders ; the coffee houses and the wine houses 
(cabarets), the liqueurs and the brandy which burn the 
body and consume the soul, will present to thee their 
beastly enjoyments; the balls and the banquets, the 
pomps, and the fashions, are gulfs always open, which 
will drag thee from a thousand sides at once (a la fois) . 
And the women ! the women, that is to say, the masque 
of debauchery on the face of pleasure. Take care ! 

Workman, — Nevertheless, what is to be done ? You 
cannot be ignorant, master, that Nice is a city, where 
to have much of work one must be a stranger, or even 
to go to make the tour, and then to come to set up a 
great shop, and speak French. 

Master, — Very much experience demonstrates the 
truth of that which thou hast come to say ; but knowest 
thou from whence comes that abuse ? It has two 
sources ; the first is that the wicked customers love 
always more to serve themselves from those who know 
them not — these have never enriched any one, and it is 
well not to have them — ^the second is, that that work- 
man upon ten (one workman out of ten) who have 
travelled like him, and of whom whom nine are lost, 
has learned to practise economy, and has acquired a 
certain manner of speaking and of living which attracts 
to him the esteem and confidence ; and this resource you 
may find here. 

Workman, — Well then, I will do like the tenth (man) . 

Master, — Who is it answers that you will succeed like 

i2 



90 DIALOGUE. 

plus grant ome doou siecle passat; vuoli parlk doou 
celebre e sage Franklin. Ve aissi li massima che si 
recueiglion dai sieu ouvrage. 



DIALOGO 2^ 

A UN PROPRIETARI E LO SIEU METAJE. 

Proprietari, — O Meou^ eh ! perche non has encara 
semen at achella part r 

Metaje. — Che voou^ monssu; lo temp giusc^ aiira non 
rha permes ; e pi la luna ! 

Proprietari, — Che luna ? Ah ! lo sabi che vautre 
embe la vuostra luna giouve e luna vieiglia^ luna buona 
e luna marrida^ o embei vuostre giou d^or laissas toui lu 
vuostre travaigl en darrie. Es ver che li ha certu 
travaigl de la campagna per lu cal sembla che si deughe 
osserva la luna, coma seria la taiglia dei buosc ; ma en 
touplen d^ autre la luna non li ientra per ren. ])e fkce 
che vou dire che en achest ^an che per li loughi pleja 
non aves pouscut semena en lo mes de Novembre, aura 
che sieu degia ver la fin de Desembre non si regarda 
plus mi la luna, ni lo giou. Mon cer, lu travaigl de la 
compagna han toui la sieu seson ; non la laissa passa 
eveiras che tout anera per tu lo migliou doou monde. 

Metaje. — Ma veghe, moussii, la buon ^anima de mon 
pere mi cuntava, che la buon ^anima de mon paigran li 
diia tougiou che acheu che semena de luna giouve non 
recueigle che de paiglia ; se planta, non ramassa che de 



DIALOGUE. 91 

him ? It is much more probable that it happens to you 
as to the other nine. If you will believe me of it, you 
will remain here and work ; you can as well without 
leaving Nice render thyself skilful and estimable. But 
if you wish not to believe in my long experience, believe 
at least in that of him, who born poor like you, with 
his assiduity and his application became one of the 
greatest men of the past century ; I wish to speak of 
the celebrated and wise Franklin — (Ve aissi) — See here 
the maxims which are gathered from his works. 



DIALOGUE 2. 

A LANDLORD AND HIS TENANT. 

Landlord, — Ha ! Bartholemew^ why hast thou not yet 
sown this part ? 

Tenant. — What wish you, sir; the weather until this 
day has not allowed it ; and then the moon ! 

Landlord, — What moon ? Ah ! I know that you 
with your young moon and old moon, good moon and 
bad moon, or with your golden days, leavest all your 
work behindhand. It is true that there are certain 
country works for the which, it seems, that one ought 
observe the moon, as would be the cutting of woods ; 
but in many others the moon does not enter for any- 
thing (nothing) . In fact that you say that in this year^ 
that thro^ the long rains thou hast not been able to 
sow in the month of November; now that we are 
already towards the end of December, you regard not 
more neither the moon nor the day. My dear, country 
works have all their season ; do not let them pass, and 
thou wilt see that all will go for thee the best in the 
world — (splendidly) . 

Tenant, — But see, sir, the good soul of my father (my 
late father) told me, that the good soul of my grand- 



92 DIALOGUE. 

fueglia^ se poua li souca^ non fa che de gaveu— ma 
laissen acco acchi. Estan se sieu en darrie dei travaigl^ 
veghe, lo marri temp^ un giou passa Pautre escapa ; che 
nin puodi ieu ? 

Proprietari, — Si, vautre en campagna fes tougiou 
coma faia vuostre pere^ e non sies buoi a faire la plus 
piccionna prova. D'acchi nen ven che aves tougiou li 
meme espessa marridi, e tougiou la meme miseria deplo- 
rabla, en tan ch^en d^ autre pais^ don la cultura de li 
terra florisse, li recolta redoublon^ li espessa s^amiglioron 
e lo paisan poou mettre^ au manco lo Dimeneghe e li 
festa^ doui lieura de vianda en la pignata. Vautre^, se 
vou proposon coouc ^amigliouramen^ che v^espragneria 
de fatiga e d^espesa^ e vou moltiplicheri^ lo produce^ 
non voules Tadotta^ perche vuostre pere e vuostre paig- 
rau non Than practicat. Ma veughen au temp che t^ha 
face retardk lu travaigl. Toui lu giou non son pas estat 
marrit? Poudies ben comensa en lo premie giou de 
beu temp ? 

Metaje, — Moussu^ se foughessian devin, nou serian 
mai meschin. E eu s^asperava en una pleja tan con- 
tinuada? Aven ben vist coouca fes lo soleu; ma metten 
che anguei fasse beu temp che fara deman ? 

Proprietari, — Es ver che non si poou devina ; ma la 
longa esperiensa ha sauput tira da li osservassion facci 
eu Tatmosfera, su lu cors terrestre e su lu animau de 
signau de pleja e de beu temp^ che non trompon casi 
giamai. 

Metaje, — Moussu^ voou che lo li dighi, aura m^eu 
avisi che nen sau mai che ieu. Canti b6lli cauva che 
s^empara su lu libre ! Che regret nou hai de non estre 
anat a Fescola ! 



DIALOGUE 



93 



father told him, always that he who sowed of a young 
moon would not reap but of straw ; if he planted would 
only gather leaves; if he would not make but vine 
branches — but let us leave that there. If my labours 
are behindhand^ see the bad weather, one day passses, 
another escapes ; what of it can I do ? 

Landlord, — Yes, in your country you always do as 
did your fathers, and your are not good to do the 
smallest trial. From thence of it comes that you have 
always the same bad kinds, and always the same deplo- 
rable misery, when in other countries, where the culture 
of the land flourishes, the harvests redouble, the species 
become better, and the peasant can place, at least on 
the Sunday and the festivals, two pounds of meat in 
the pot. You, if they propose any amelioration which 
would spare you fatigue and expense, and would multi- 
ply you the produce, would not adopt it, because your 
father and your grandfather have not practised it. But 
come to the weather which has caused thee to delay 
working. All the days have not been bad ! Couldest thou 
have well commenced on the first day of fine w^eather? 

Tenant,' — Sir, had we been conjurors we would never 
be paltry follows. And who would hope in a rain so 
continued ? We have indeed seen sometimes the sun, 
but suppose that to-day it is fine weather, who is it can 
divine the weather that will be to-morrow ? 

Landlord. — It is true that we cannot divine ] but a 
long experience has known how to draw from observa- 
tions made in the atmosphere, upon the terrestrial bodies, 
and upon animals, signs of rain and of fair weather, 
which almost never deceive. 

Tenant, — Sir, do you wish that I tell it you, now I 
perceive (I am of opinion) that of it you know more 
than I. How many beautiful things they learn from 
books! What regret have I not of not having been at 
school? 



94j legend. 



LEGENDA. 
LO TRESOR DE SIMIE. 

DE NISSA. 

^^ Conoisses ben acheu gran palai che si ve aiglik entrk 
li roina doou temple d' ApoUon e achelli de la tina dei 
Pagan/' diia ai sieu enfan, en una d' achelli longhi 
serada driver, Barba* Gian^ paisan de Simie^ assetat en 
un canton doou fuec, a Fentour doou cal si veion li sieu 
figlia e li sieu nuora cbe filavon lo canebe^ lu sieu enfan 
che rasclavon su lo bee de li lieu sappa li spiga de Turc 
che avion recuglit en Pautom, e lu sieu felen che faion 
rosti de fava su Fissendre caut e che, apres li ave retiradi 
emb'un trouchiglion, li faion craca souta li den sensa si 
dona la passiensa de li laissa gela. ^^Aves ben visit 
tanti fes, en passan^ achell ^antica majon ? Ebben^ 
davan che fosse restaurada, degun non ha mai poscut 
Pabita. Sabes vautre lo perche T^ 

^^Non, non, paigran/^ responderon toui ensen en 
aussan lu ues soubre d^eu, e eu lo fissan emb^ un' aria 
plena de curiosita ; feuen lo plesi de nen cunta tout 
senche sabes/' 

" Vuoli ben vou contenta per v'empasa lo vieure 
doou monde, e par impedi aussi Nourada e Ghidon de 
s'endurmi, car nou es encara set oura e mi sieu degia 
enavisat ch^elli commenson a mi faire de profondi 
reverensa embe la coulougna, e embe la testa — Lucressia, 
garnisse lo calen, perche serai un poou lone, e non s^ane- 
Ten couccia che ben tardi/^ 

" Non fa ren/^ si metteron toui a crida, ^^ nou fa ren ; 
passeren la 7iuece entiera se voules, basta che vou 
tenghes paraula/^ 

* The Sardinian peasants call those who have passed their fiftieth 
year " JBarba, or Uncle." 



LEGEND. 95 

A LEGEND. 
THE TREASURE OP SIMIE. 

A LEGEND OF NICE. 

" You know well that great palace which is seen there 
between the ruins of the temple of Apollo and those of 
the loine vat of the Pagans/^ "^ said to his children^ on 
one of those long winter evenings^ Uncle John^ a 
peasant of Simie^ seated in a corner of the hearth (fire) , 
round which were seen his daughters and their nurse, 
who were spinning hemp ; his boys, who were scraping 
on the beak of their spades the ears of Indian corn 
which they had gathered in autumn ; and his grand- 
children, who made roast beans on the hot cinders, and 
who after having withdrawn them with a crooked stick, 
made them crack under their teeth, without giving 
themselves patience to let them cool. " Well have you 
seen many times in passing that old house? Well 
then, before that it was restored nobody could ever 
dwell in it. Do you know why V^ 

'^ No, no ! grandfather,^^ they all answered together, 
raising their eyes upon him, and fixing them on him 
with an air full of curiosity. Do us us the pleasure of 
telling of it all that you know.^^ 

^^ I wish truly to please you by showing you the way 
of the world, and by hindering also Honorata and 
Bridget from sleeping, for it is not yet seven hours 
(o^ clock), and I am already warned that they have com- 
menced to make me profound reverences with distaff and 
with head. Lucretia, garnish the lamp, because I will be 
a little long, and we will not go to bed till very late.^^ 

^^ It makes no matter,^^ they began all to cry; ^^it 
makes no matter ; we will pass the entire night if you 
wish, provided that you have words enough.^^ 

* The " wine vat of the Fagan^^^ is the expressive name given by the 
Sardinian peasants to the old Roman amphitheatre of Simie, because of 
its round form. 



96 LEGEND. 

^^ Fes donca toui ben attension, perche senche leu vau 
vou dire^ esinteresant^ e le teni da la buon ^anima de 
mon paigran che era un ome ardit^ franc e real/^ 

" Lone temp davan che lu padre, che edificon achesto 
luec embe la santita de la sieu vida, venghesson basti e 
abbita lo convent che domina achesta cuola, agreabla e 
fertila, — nn ermita s^era vengut fabrica un^ umbla 
cabana en mittau dei cal che son format de muraiglia 
de Fantica villa llomana che si nomava Cimella, e 
menava aissi una vida retirada e penitenta. La sieu aria 
de bonta non tardet a li attirk Testima, lo respet, e la 
venerassion de toui lu abitant doou cartie, e cadun 
venia lo consulta en lu sieu dubi, e li demanda Faguida 
de li sieu preghiera en lu beson. Lo paire de vuostre 
paigran surtout s^estacchet en acheu sant^ ome de 
Pamitie la plus intima, e anava souven passk d^oura 
entieri en la sieu compagnia. 

Un giou che eron soulet assetat a Fombra d^un 
aulivie sauvage, F ermita li dighet — 

^^ ^ Mon cer Gaspa, leu sabi che tu embe plusiur autre 
giouve doou tieu age aves format lo proget d^ana en 
serca doou Tresor de Simie ; aissi ieu sieu lo soulet che 
conoissi lo puost don es escondut, e tout senche foou 
faire per li ana. Siccoma leu senti che la mieu fin 
s'approccia a gran pas, ti vuoli tout descurbi, afin che 
non t^espones giamai au perigl d^una tau imprudenta 
resolussion. 

*^ ^En intran en lo vestibulo d^achella majon magica 
en la cala de nuece s^aude tan de remon, e che foughet 
fabricada non per estre abitada, ma pluto per escondre 
la dubertura doou conduce souterran che -de Simie, en 
passan souta la liece de Paglion, va about! per un 
^autra dubertura de la su la cuola de Vinaigrie, si trova 
a la dreccia una larga escalinada che mena premieramen 
en una gran salla de forma carrada, ramplida de laveso, 
plassat en ordre, coma lu volume d^una biblioteca. En 
fassa de la puorta d^intrada li ha un^ antra puorta de 



LEGEND. 97 

" Well then, all pay attention, for that which I am 
going to tell you is interesting, and I have it from the 
good soul of my grandfather (my late), who a bold, 
frank, and loyal man/^ 

^^ Long time before that the fathers, who edify this 
place with the sanctity of their life, had come to build 
and inhabit the convent which lords over that agreeable 
and fertile hill, — a hermit came to build an humble 
cabin in the midst of the rubbish which is formed of 
the walls of the ancient Koman city named Chimella, and 
led there a retired and penitent life. His air of kind- 
ness was not slow in attracting to him the esteem, 
respect, and veneration of all the inhabitants of the 
quarter, and each one came to consult him in his 
doubts, and to demand the aid of his prayers in their 
need. The father of your grandfather especially 
attached himself to this holy man, with a most intimate 
friendship, and often went to pass whole hours in his 
company. 

^^ One day that they were seated alone in the shade 
of a wild olive tree, the hermit said to him — 

^^ ^ My dear Gaspar, I know that thou with many 
other young men of thy age, hast formed the project 
of going in search of the Treasure of Simie ; here, I 
am the only one who knows the situation where it is 
hidden, and all that must be done to go there. As I 
think that my end approaches at a great pace, I will 
discover all to thee, in order that you may never expose 
yourself to the peril of so imprudent a resolution. 

" ^ In entering the vestibule of that magic house, in 
which at night are heard so many noises, and which 
was built, not to be inhabited, but rather to hide the 
opening, from which leads the subterraneous passage, 
which from Simie passing under the bed of the Paglion, 
ends by another mouth under the hill of Vinaigrie; 
you find at the right hand a large staircase which leads 
first into a large hall, of a square form, filled with (laveso) 

K 



98 LEGEND. 

bronso che esta tougion sarrada^ ma die si poou durbi 
fassilamen da cu nen conoisse lo segret^ car non li ha 
ch^ a li souffla soubre tre fes^ e subito si ve vira su In 
sieu ganchi. D^achi si descuerbe la continuassion de 
la gran escalinada^ e non es cbe apres estre calat encara 
per des minuta^ che si ve degia pareisse au luen la 
ciambra doon tresor. Ella es situada tout a fet sonta 
lo liece de Paglion ; la sieu forma es un sesagono, e la 
sieu volta^ en s^aussan su la cornis che sierve de 
capiteu^ constituisse una piramida concava de la meme 
figura^ de la cala pendon^ coma tantu lustre/ lu plus bei 
tue creat dai de gout d^aiga^ che trapanon. En mittan 
li ha un taulie redon su lo cal son plassat una cabra e 
un cabria d^or macif, d^estatura naturala. Au costa 
d^acheu taulie che regarda la puorta esta asselat lo 
diau che deu veglia a la garda d^achellu ogget pressious, 
Eu duerme sepandan un^oura cada giou en repauan la 
testa su lu sieu doui bras che mette Fun contra Fautre, 
estendut su lo taulie^ e si ten au costa drece una 
trombetta aussi d^or lo plus pur. Se eu tauche 
duerme, coouc^un venghesse a cala en achella crotta, 
achesto non auria che da empoigna subito la trombetta, 
e si mettre a sona; aloura lo diau, quache si reveigle, 
resta coma encadenat e non poou plus li faire ren. De 
plus una troupade diablon, che sorterion de touta part, 
li si presenterion pront a obedi ai sieu ordre, e a trans- 
porta tout acheu tresor dapertout don eu vourria. Ma 
piglia garda, Toura doou demoni non es che mieggi 
^oura suivan la nuostra maniera de cunia, Perche eu 
divide lo giou en caranta vuece oura ; ensin non duerme 
che mieggi'oura de li nuostri. Ma Fojara en la cala 
lo diau s'abandoQ au suon non es conoissuda che dau 
Gran Turc, lo cal brama despi loc temp achesti immensi 
richessa. Aussi cauti fes eu ha mandat de vaissen veni 
descala li sieu troupa su la nuostra plaja, afin de sen 
rendre ra estre ? E li auria reussit surtout en lo XVI. 
siecle, se la nuostra Nissarda eroina Catarina Segurana 



LEGEND. 99 

bronze cauldrons, placed in order^ like the volumes of a 
library. In front of the entrance door, there is another 
door of bronze^ which is always closed, but which can 
be easily opened by him who knows the secret of it — 
for you have only to blow upon it three times, and 
suddenly it will turn upon its hinges. From thence 
discovers itself the continuation of the grand staircase, 
and it is only after having travelled farther (or yet) ten 
minutes, that one sees himself already appear in the 
place of the treasure chamber. It is situated entirely 
under the bed of the (river) Paglion; its form is a 
sesagon, and its vault raising itself on the cornice that 
serves as pillars, forms a concave piramid of the same 
shape (sesagonal), from which hang like so many 
lustres the most beautiful objects formed of drops of 
water which pierce through. In the midst, there is 
placed a round table upon which is placed a goat and a 
kid of massy gold, and of the natural stature. At the 
side of this table, which faces the door, is seated the 
demon who must watch for the protection of these 
precious objects. He sleeps, nevertheless, one hour 
each day, reposing his head on his two arms, which he 
puts the one against the other, extended on the table, 
and he holds at his right side a trumpet also of pure 
gold. If while he sleeps, any one should come to 
enter into that cave, he would only have to grasp 
suddenly the trumpet, and set himself to sound it; 
then the demon, although he awake, remains as though 
chained, and can no more do anything. Further-more, 
a troup of demons, who will issue from every quarter, 
will present themselves to him ready to obey his orders, 
and to transport all that treasure wheresoever he may 
please. But, take care, the demon^s hour is only half- 
an-hour of our (time), because he divides the day into 
forty-eight hours; thus he only sleeps half-an-hour 
after our manner of counting. But the hour in which 
the demon gives way to sleep, is only known to the 



100 LEGEND. 

non haigliesse attaccat lu Sarrain en li carriera meme 
de la villa^ e non lu haighesse forsat a regagnk a rabaton 
li sieu barca^ apres, li ave tuat lo puorto enseigna su 
d'acheu canton che si demanda encara aura lo canton 
de Sarrain. Canti fes aussi eu ha proposat a Fautorita 
doou pais, per condisssion de pas, lo cession doou soulet 
Simie, en li escriven acliesta demanda laconica — 
* Dammi Simmarro, 
E mi ti dar la pace.' 
Ma lu sieu esfuors son tougiou estat inutil, e la sieu 
demanda non es mai estada escotada ; de maniera che 
lo tresor es encara intact. 

'^ ^ Abandona donca lo tieu proget, mon cer Gaspk ; 
serca a faire la tieu fortuna en travaiglian, ella sera plus 
doussa e plus solida.^ 

^^Apres li ave donat achesto darrie avis, en lo 
congedit. 

" Cooucu giou apres Fermita mouret en concet de 
santita. Ma non era encara finida Fannada che mon 
paigran pigliat o da la curiosity, o da Tamour de li 
richessessa si laisset tentk dai sieu cambarada che 
vougheron mettre en esecussion lo proget che avion 
format Pan de devan. Eron una dousena — Giaume 
Labrigna che era lo plus couragious, e en meme temp 
lo plus avide de toui, voughet lo premie calk soulet. 
Arrivat en la salla dei laveso nen pigliet doui, e 
remontet subito trionfant per lu mostra ai sieu amic 
che lo resseveron en eschirassan. Siccoma achestu 
laveso pareission estre de coouche valour, esperas dighet 
ai autre, Teu tourni ank faire un viage, e calk tourna 
soulet; ma achesta fes, en piglian lu doui laveso su 
Festagiera lu faghet urta Tun contra Fautre, e lo remon 
che fagheron rebombet tan fuor en acheu souterran 
cavernous che reveigliet lo diau. Lo coou per acheu 
giou foughet mancat. 

^^Lo lendeman de buon matin si renderon tournk 
toui su lo luec. Un de la troupa comensava tourna a 



jLEGEND. 



101 



Grand Turk, who for a long time desires these immense 
riches. Thus many times he has commanded his vessels 
to come and disembark his troops upon our coast, in 
order to render himself its master. And he would 
have succeeded, especially in the sixteenth century, if 
our Nizzard Heroine Catherine Segurana, had not 
attacked the Saracens in their assault on the city, and 
had not forced them to regain their ships as fast as 
possible (a rabaton) ; after having killed their standard 
bearer in that quarter which is named even now the 
Quarter of the Saracens, Many times also he has pro- 
posed to the authorities of the country, as conditions of 
peace, the cession of Simie alone, by writing this 
laconic demand — 

' Give me Simarro, 
And I'il grant you peace.' 
But his efforts have always been useless, and his 
demands have never been heard, so that the treasure is 
still untouched. 

^^ ^ Abandon then thy project, my dear Gaspar ; seek 
to make thy fortune by working, it will be more sweet 
and more sure.^ 

^' After having given him this last advice he dismissed 
him. 

*^ Some days afterwards the hermit died m the odour 
of sanctity; but the year was not finished when my 
father, seized either by curiosity or by the love of 
riches, proposed to his comrades that they should put 
in execution the project which they had formed the 
year before. They were a dozen of them, Giaume 
Labugna, who was the most courageous and at the 
same time th6 most greedy of all wished first to enter 
alone. Arrived in the hall of bronze cauldrons, he 
took two of them, and triumphing remounted suddenly 
to shew them to his friends, who received him 
uttering prolonged shouts of joy. ^ As these cauldrons 
seem to be of some value, you hope,^ said he to the 

K 3 



102 LEGEND. 

parla dei laveso. Aloura mon paigrati — ^ Fraire/ li 
dighet^ ^ non tarden, calen donca subito^ e marcen plan 
plan de doui en doui/ Cadun si piglia en li man 
un^ antorcia a vent^ e s'encaminon. Assi soulamen de 
li pensk^ mi ven la car de gallina. Degik avion traversat 
a sauvamen la premier a salla e eron arrival a la pnorta 
de bronso, che mon paigran duerbe en li souflantre fes 
soubre ; degi&, s^approciavon de la ciambra redoubtabla 
e descurbion de luen lo bramat tresor, lo diau che 
durmia^ e la prodigioua trombetta ; degi^ acheu che 
marciava lo premie si disponia a faire lo saut per 
empoigna Tinstrument e sona lo coou decisivo ; coura 
nna vons^ che non si sau de don venghe, crida^ ^ Paure 
vautre ! ch^anas faire ?' Vaiti piglia I"^ L^espavent 
lu sesisse^ remonton Tescalinada en desordre, li antarcia 
s^amuerson e siccoma, per non non si perdre, lu darrie 
sercon de s^aganta a li camba dei premie^ achestu, en 
cresen che sighe lo diau che vooughe lu si piglia, ; fan 
de tan esfuors che tombon de lassituda, e non nen 
serion giamai plus sortit, se de foura non fousson 
vengut au sieu secours. Li suita d^ achelP escapada 
fougheron funestissimi^ car cartre d^ achellu gionin 
^ome nen moureron cooucu giou apres en una ravaria 
furioua; sine o siei autre nen fagheron una longa 
maladia en la cala li caschet li den^ e giusca li ongla ; 
enfin toui sen ressenteron plus o manco. 

" Ve acchi^ lu mieu enfan^ perche s^es tougiou creg- 
nut de s'approcik d^ acheu palai surtout de nuece temp/^ 

* Vaiti pi^Ua is equivalent to the French C^en est fait 



Note. — The word escMrassa, meaning "to utter loud and 
long shouts of exultation and joy," is used to denote the wild 
hurrahs of the Sardinian peasantry during the marriage banquet 
of one of their number. 



LEGEND. 103 

others, ^that I will turn to proceed to make a journey/ 
and alone he turned to enter (again) ; but this time, 
in taking the two cauldrons on the stairs, they made a 
shock one against the other, and the noise which they 
made resounded (swelled out) so strong in that caver- 
nous passage that the demon awoke. The attempt for 
that day had failed. 

^^ The next day early they all repaired to turn to the 
place. One of the troop began to speak of the cauld- 
rons. Then (said) my grandfather — ^ Brothers,^ quoth 
he, ^ let us enter then quickly, let us not delay, and let 
us march plan, plan, two by two,^ (Cadun) each one 
took in his hand a torch, and they journied on. Here 
at the very thought alone (comes to me the heart of a 
hen) I shudder ! Already they had traversed safely the 
first hall, and had arrived at the bronze gate, which my 
grandfather opened by blowing on it thrice; already 
they had approached the dreadful chamber, and dis- 
covered far off the wished for treasure, the demon that 
slept, and the huge trumpet ; already he who marched 
first was disposing himself to make the leap to seize 
the instrument and sound the decisive blow, — when a 
voice, that they knew not whence it came, cried out, 
^ Poor you ! what are going to do T It was all up. 
Fright seized them ; they remounted the stairs in dis- 
order j the torches went out ; and as the last, not to 
loose themselves, sought to lay hold of the legs of the 
first, these believing that it was the demon who wished 
to seize them, made such efforts that they fell of weari- 
ness, and would never more have issued from it, if 
from without they had not come to their aid. The 
issues of this escapade were most mournful, for four of 
these young men died of it some days after in a raging 
delirium, five or six others of it experienced a long 
illness, in which they lost teeth and even their nails ,• 
finally all felt it more or less. 

" See here, my children, why they fear always to 
approach that place, especially at night time.^^ 



104 KOCK OF AGES. 



ROCCIA DE SECOLI. 

Roccia de secoli — schiusa per me, 
Fa che nascondermi — io possa in te. 
L^acqua e il saague che zampillano 
Da^ tuoi fianchi lacerati 
Su me piovano, e sien duplice 
Medicina a' miei peccati, 
E per sempre ne sbandiscano 
La sozzura ed il poter. 

Tutto il travaglio — della mia mano 

Tue leggi adempiere — vorrebbe invano : 
Del mio zelo infaticabile 

Sia pur Popra ognor fervente ; 
Da quest^ ocohi amare lagrime 
Sgorgliin pure eternamente ; 
Non potrian mie colpe torgere, 
Tu, sol tu mi puoi salvar. 

Abbietto e povero — nulla in man reco : 
In croce stringermi — io sol v6 teco. 
Nude affatto a te rivolgomi, 
O Gesu, perche mi vesta : 
La tua grazia imploro e supplico, 
Sol conforto che mi resta. 
Lordo, al fonte io volo. ... ah ! lavami, 
Od io muojo, o Redentor. 

O duri il rapido — soffio vitale, 

O i rai m^ottenebri — sonno mortale : 
Quando sciolta nndra quest antena 
Verso un mondo sconosciuto 
Per mirarti del giudizio 
Sovra il trono in ciel seduto. 

Roccia de^ secoli — schiusa per me, 

Deh ! fa che ascondermi — io possa in te. 



ROCK OF AGES. 105 



ROCK OF AGES. 

Rock of Ages — cleft for me, 

Let me hide myself in Thee, 

Let the water and the blood 

From Thy riven side which flowed 

Be of sin the double cure, 

Cleanse me from its guilt and power. 

All the labour of my hand 
Can^t fulfil Thy laws demand. 
Could my zeal no respite know, 
Could my tears for ever flow, 
All for sin cannot atone. 
Thou must save, and Thou alone. 

Nothing in my hand I bring. 
Solely to Thy cross I cling, 
Naked come to Thee for dress, 
Weary look to Thee for rest. 
Vile I to the Fountain fly. 
Wash me. Saviour, or I die. 

While I draw this vital breath, 
When my eyelids close in death, 
"When I soar to worlds unknown, 
See Thee on Thy judgment throne. 
Rock of Ages — cleft for me. 
Let me hide myself in Thee. 



The foregoins; noble version of that exquisite hymn " Eock of 
Ages," which so sweetly soothed the dying moments of that 
great Prince whose loss is only day after day more felt by us, 
was composed by Count Ottavio Tasca, and is inserted here 
that the reader may derive as much pleasure as the author has 
from its perusal. 



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A GLOSSARY OF YORKSHIRE WORDS & PHRASES, coUected 
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